JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2023
·
IF 13.6
Xu Zhang,Zifang Peng,Shijiao Hou,Qiannan Sun,Hang Yuan,Dan Yin,Wenfen Zhang,Yanhao Zhang,Jianwei Tang,Shusheng Zhang,Zongwei Cai
p -Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants are heavily used for protection of commercial rubber products (e.g., vehicle tire), resulting in their widespread contamination in ecosystem. PPD-quinones (PPDQs), the toxic quinone derivatives of PPDs, are also discovered as novel environmental pollutants. However, the contamination characteristics of PPDs/PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow (without deposition on the Earth surface) have seldom been studied. This work first reports the broad distributions of PPDs and PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow collected from seven Chinese urban areas. Individual median values of detected concentrations were in the ranges of 0.4 to 260 pg g −1 (PPDs) and 0.7 to 104 pg g −1 (PPDQs). The concentration deviation by long-term deposition on the ground was eliminated. In most sampling regions, wearing of vehicle rubber tires was possibly responsible for spatial-dependent PPDs’ pollution level variations, and high concentrations of PPDs promoted PPDQs’ formation in snow from atmosphere. Yet, excessive O 3 may further oxidize and reduce PPDQs in atmospheric fresh snow from Zhengzhou, which is different from previous research. Furthermore, snowfall was noticed might amplify concentrations of three PPDs and PPDQs in an inland lake, which possibly worsen corresponding pollution in water system. Current study elucidates the potential impacts of snow-bound PPDs/PPDQs on ecosystems should not be underestimated.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
化学
·
生态学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
·
2025
·
IF 6.1
Zifang Peng,Shijiao Hou,Qingyun He,Fangcheng Su,Lishun Ren,Congcong Pei,Dan Yin,Yanhao Zhang,Yanjie Huang,Shusheng Zhang,Zongwei Cai
p- Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants and their quinone derivatives (PPDQs), as hot-spot novel contaminants in recent years, have been detected in air fine particulate matters (PM 2.5 ) in multiple regions. However, current research all discussed the pollution of PPDs and PPDQs based on the collected PM 2.5 samples at least in one day (23.5 h). In this work, an innovative study was conducted to investigate their precise daily pollution characteristics and health risks based on high-resolution collected PM 2.5 samples every 1.5 hours in one week in Zhengzhou, a megacity continuously suffers from serious air contamination in central China. The composition patterns and sources of PPDs and PPDQs were discovered and more serious contamination of them were both found at the day-time (07:00–19:00). Almost all daily time intervals with relatively high pollution levels of PPDs and PPDQs were commuting time for majority of workers, which was possibly because of increased rubber tire abrasion induced by huge traffic volume. The highest daily adults’ inhalation risks were also found in 11:30–13:00 and 16:00–17:30 for PPDs and PPDQs in PM 2.5 , respectively. Current study builds the relationship between pollution status of such novel pollutants and human activities, and possibly guides people in central China to take precautions to protect themselves from environmental toxicants at special daily time.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
公共卫生
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 11.3
Ningbo Geng,Shijiao Hou,Shuai Sun,Rong Cao,Haijun Zhang,Xianbo Lu,Shusheng Zhang,Jiping Chen,Yanhao Zhang
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) has been identified as the cause of the “urban runoff mortality syndrome.” Thus, the ecological risks of substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their quinone derivatives (PPD-Qs) in water have gained global attention. However, large-scale observation of their pollution characteristics in surface water is still lacking. Herein, a nationwide investigation revealed the pervasive occurrence of PPDs and PPD-Qs in riverine waters across China, with the mean concentration of ∑5PPD-Qs being 4.9 times higher than their parent ∑5PPDs. Notably, the 6PPD-Q concentrations at eight sampling sites exceeded the median lethal concentration for coho salmon. National annual riverine fluxes were estimated at 113.1 and 276.2 tonnes/year for PPDs and PPD-Qs, respectively, with the Yangtze River contributing more than one-third of the total fluxes. The transformation of PPDs to PPD-Qs was dependent on atmospheric hydroxylation rates and the half-lives of PPDs. A combined multimedia exposure assessment revealed that water exposure accounted for 82.5% of human exposure to PPDs and PPD-Qs, surpassing the contributions from dust and air exposure. This study provides a comprehensive spatial picture of PPDs and PPD-Qs in China. The national atlas highlights their potential ecological risks and implies that targeted actions should be taken to mitigate potential exposure to PPDs and PPD-Qs.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
·
生态学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Food Bioscience
·
2024
·
IF 4.8
Shan-shan Han,Yao-wei Liu,Tao Yang,Chang-shu Liu,Jian-guo Liu,Chang Liu,Peng Zhou
Rare ginsenosides have many pharmacological functions; however, their bioaccessibility is quite limited owing to the poor solubility. Emulsion-based delivery systems provide a good solution to this; however, the effects of lipid oxidation in emulsions have not been well studied. In this study, ginsenoside PPD nanoemulsions were prepared by using soybean oil oxidized by heating at 60 °C for 3, 5, and 7 days (defined as low, medium, and high oxidation degree oxidation) and investigated the effect of lipid oxidation on the physicochemical and gastrointestinal digestion characteristics of ginsenoside nanoemulsions. The results showed that lipid oxidation had no significant effect on particle size, ζ-potential, centrifugal stability and turbidity of ginsenoside nanoemulsions. The pH value and freeze-thaw stability of emulsions decreased as the oxidation degree increased; moreover, lipid oxidation significantly decreased encapsulation rate and bioaccessibility of ginsenoside PPD in the nanoemulsions. In details, the encapsulation rate of ginsenoside PPD decreased from 90.05 ± 0.40% to 84.41 ± 0.99% as the lipid oxidation increased. Low lipid oxidation degree has no obvious effects on the fatty acid release rate and bioaccessibility of ginsenoside during digestion process, while higher lipid oxidation decreased the release of fatty acids and ginsenoside bioaccessibility from 64.15 ± 0.59% to 55.40 ± 0.97%. The results of this study shed lights on improving the bioavailability of rare ginsenosides, and provided a guidance for the selection of lipid criteria in emulsion delivery systems.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
药理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
·
2024
·
IF 8.2
Yuying Zhang,Lei Yan,Longxing Wang,Haijun Zhang,Jiping Chen,Ningbo Geng
N , N ′-substituted p -phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used antioxidants in rubber tires, which could be released and accumulated in road dusts with rubber tires wear. As ozonation product of N -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)- N′ -phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6PPD), 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) exhibited higher toxicity to coho salmon. However, studies on their environmental behaviors are still limited. Road dust is the major medium PPDs exist, which significantly affects the levels of PPDs in other mediums, especially surface water and particulate matter. In this study, road dust samples were collected in 55 major cities of China to explore the distribution characteristics of PPDs and 6PPD-Q. The concentrations of total PPDs (ΣPPDs) and 6PPD-Q in urban trunk road dust samples were in the ranges of 7.90–727 and 3.00–349 ng/g, with median concentrations of 68 and 49 ng/g, respectively. 6PPD and 6PPD-Q are the dominant components in most road dusts. The functional region-dependent pollution characteristics of PPDs and 6PPD-Q give the first finding that urban tunnel road was the highly polluted region, followed by urban trunk roads. Suburban road dusts had a lower pollution level. Moreover, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of PPDs and 6PPD-Q for children was much higher than adults.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY
·
2022
·Vol. 37
·期 5
·e9428
·
IF 2.586
Xin Qiu,Fengming Chen,Tong Liu,Feng Feng,Yuan Zhang,Xuesong Feng,Feng Zhang
Antibiotics have important medical value, but they need to be monitored when used as veterinary drugs. We report α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid/ p -phenylenediamine (CHCA/PPD) hybrid as a novel matrix for enhanced matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) in situ the spatial distribution of antibiotic drugs in grass carp tissues. Method We have used MALDI-TOF-MSI in positive ion mode for the analysis of quinolones and sulfonamides in grass carps. A novel CHCA/PPD matrix was prepared and applied using a simple method to improve the analysis. Results Compared with the traditional matrix, CHCA/PPD significantly improved the detection intensity of quinolones and sulfonamides with better sensitivity (17.20%–94.30%) and reproducibility. For demonstration, this novel matrix was successfully applied to visualize enrofloxacin (ENR) in grass carp tissues, with the entire abundance differences clearly observed based on MALDI-MSI. The concentration levels in different tissues were determined, with a calibration curve of 10–2000 μg/ml (R 2 > 0.993). Conclusion This study was the first to introduce CHCA/PPD as a novel matrix, and the classical acid–base mixing was used to improve the ionization effect of the traditional matrix CHCA in MALDI. Based on CHCA/PPD, MALDI-MSI detected ENR in different grass carp tissues for the first time and realized the spatial distribution and concentration detection.
研究领域:
分析化学
·
药物分析
·
生物医学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Qiuhui Qian,Ji Wu,Cuizhen Wang,Zheng Yang,Ying Cheng,Yuansi Zheng,Xuedong Wang,Huili Wang
As a synthetic rubber antioxidant, the environmental monitoring concentrations of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) have exceeded the risk threshold, attracting widespread attention. Although investigations into the harmful effects on zebrafish have commenced, a comprehensive exploration of its toxicological impacts and underlying molecular mechanisms remains to be conducted. By using zebrafish as a model, this study systematically evaluated 6-PPD-induced lipid metabolism disorders and inflammation response following environmental exposure. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 6-PPD target genes enriched in the hepatitis B pathway, indicating potential hepatic toxicity via inflammatory pathways. Therefore, we hypothesize that 6-PPD could trigger hepatotoxicity through the crosstalk between lipid metabolism and inflammation. Further experiments substantiated this hypothesis by showing lipid accumulation in the liver following 6-PPD exposure, along with elevated triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and imbalanced expression of lipid metabolism-related marker genes. Additionally, 6-PPD exposure induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited the differentiation and maturation of immune cells, resulting in immune evasion. Most of these abnormalities were exacerbated in a dose-dependent manner with increasing concentrations of 6-PPD. The addition of the PPARγ pathway agonist puerarin (PUE) or NF-κB pathway inhibitor quinazoline (QNZ) to 6-PPD exposure group mitigated these toxic effects, validating our conjecture that lipid metabolism disorder and inflammatory responses may result from the regulation of the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway.
研究领域:
环境毒理学
·
分子生物学
·
发育生物学
·
免疫学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
·
2025
·
IF 8.2
Xin Wan,Geyu Liang,Dayong Wang
The 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) is derived from 6-PPD, an antioxidant added in tires. Citric acid cycle plays a pivotal role in biochemical metabolisms. In Caenorhabditis elegans , we examined effect of 6-PPDQ exposure on citric acid cycle and the role of alteration in acetyl CoA and pyruvate contents during this process. In citric acid cycle, contents of intermediates were reduced by 0.1–10 μg/L 6-PPDQ. Meanwhile, expression of key enzyme genes ( cts-1 , idh-2 , dlst-1 , and dld-1 ) for citric acid cycle was decreased by 0.1–10 μg/L 6-PPDQ. After 6-PPDQ exposure, citric acid content was reduced by cts-1 RNAi, and NADH content was reduced by idh-2 , dlst-1 , and dld-1 RNAi. Exposure to 6-PPDQ (0.1–10 μg/L) further decreased acetyl CoA and pyruvate contents, and inhibited expression of enzyme genes ( dlat-1 and dld-1 ) governing acetyl CoA synthesis and enzyme genes ( pyk-1 and pyk-2 ) governing pyruvate synthesis. After 6-PPDQ exposure, dlat-1 and dld-1 RNAi reduced contents of acetyl CoA, citric acid, and NADH, and pyk-1 and pyk-2 RNAi reduced contents of pyruvate, citric acid, and NADH. In 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes, cts-1 , idh-2 , dlst-1 , dld-1 , dlat-1 , pyk-1 , and pyk-2 RNAi further caused susceptibility to 6-PPDQ toxicity. Our results suggested 6-PPDQ exposure risk in resulting in damage on citric acid cycle, which was linked to its toxicity induction.
研究领域:
环境毒理学
·
分子生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 2.2
Jing Zhang,Qiang Ma,Honghui Wang,Bin Chen,Yan Li,Yingmin Liao
The rubber antioxidant, N -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)- N ′-phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6-PPD), as an emerging pollutant, is receiving more and more attention recently. This study investigated the intermolecular interactions of 6-PPD with two key biological macromolecules, human serum albumin (HSA) and alpha-glucosidase (AG), to understand the transport and toxic effects of 6-PPD. Using multiple spectroscopic methods and molecular docking technology, the results demonstrated that 6-PPD could bind to both HSA and AG, thereby inducing fluorescence quenching and conformational changes in both proteins. The binding constants were determined to be (5.93 ± 0.20) × 10 5 and (3.17 ± 0.15) × 10 4 L mol −1 respectively for HSA-6-PPD and AG-6-PPD systems at 298 K, revealing strong binding affinities. Molecular docking identified specific binding sites and non-covalent interactions of the two systems. MD and Energy decomposition analysis revealed the dynamics conformational changes of the complexes and identified van der Waals and electrostatic interactions as primary binding drivers for both systems, while polar solvation energy impeded complex formation. TYR161, ILE142, and TYR138 dominated HSA-6-PPD stabilization, whereas AG-6-PPD was driven by hydrophobic interactions with TRP1369 and VAL1373, with ARG1377 incurring substantial desolvation penalties. Synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that 6-PPD binding did not disrupt the microenvironment of Tyr and Trp residues in HSA and AG, while induced structural alterations in HSA and AG that could affect their physiological function. In-vitro tests showed that 6-PPD inhibited AG activity in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC 50 of 8.22 ± 0.44 μmol L −1 . ADMET and PASS online tools was used to predict physicochemical properties and multiorgan toxicity. This work provided insights into the transport and molecular toxicity of 6-PPD, highlighting the adverse biological effects associated with this common rubber additive.
研究领域:
环境毒理学
·
分子生物学
·
药物代谢
·
生物化学
·
结构生物学
·
生态风险评估
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
TALANTA
·
2023
·
IF 6.1
Zeying Yang,Boyong Cao,Xiaowei An,Zhongliang Yu,Wuduo Zhao,Fangcheng Su,Guoqing Guan,Yanhao Zhang,Zhengkun Xie,Baoxian Ye
The rapid and sensitive determination of antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl- p -henylenediamine (6-PPD) in the environment is crucial for early intervention to prevent its adverse effects. Here, a reliable electrochemical sensor based on a N–C mediated γ-Mo 2 N nanocomposite (γ-Mo 2 N@N–C) modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was developed and applied for selective and sensitive determination of 6-PPD. Benefiting from the superior stability and faster electron diffusion coefficient , the peak current responded to 6-PPD on the sensor linearly over a concentration range from 5 × 10 −8 mol L −1 to 1.0 × 10 −5 mol L −1 with a detection limit of 1.67 × 10 −8 mol L −1 (4.48 ng mL −1 ). Moreover, the sensor maintained good anti-interference ability in the determination of 6-PPD in soil samples from different regions in Zhengzhou City. Furthermore, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with kinetics analysis proved that the enhanced basicity of the γ-Mo 2 N@N–C facilitated the deprotonation of 6-PPD, with the preferred orientation facet of (200) in γ-Mo 2 N playing a vital role in inducing the dissociation of 6-PPD, thereby improving the sensor's response. Such an electrochemical sensor, with its good stability and superior sensitivity, has the potential to be applied for real-time evaluation and monitoring of environmental pollutants .
研究领域:
分析化学
·
环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Huilin Chen,Maomao Xie,Wenjie Li,Lipin Tan,Xiaoming Cai,Mingjing Shen,Ruibin Li
The extensive use of synthetic antioxidants, notably N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6-PPD), in rubber-related products, particularly in tire manufacturing, has induced concerns regarding their environmental impact and potential health hazards. Despite the identification of 6-PPD and its derivative, 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ), in various water samples and their lethal effects on certain aquatic species ( e.g. , coho salmon, rainbow trout and brook trout), the levels of airborne 6-PPD/6-PPDQ and their respiratory toxicity remain relatively unexplored. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the respiratory toxicity potential of 6-PPD and its derivatives, with a specific focus on detecting these compounds in airborne particulates and assessing their toxic effects on lung cells. Characterization of four airborne fine particulate (FP) samples revealed spherical morphologies with diameters ranging from 17.7 to 225.7 nm, displaying slight agglomeration and negative surface charge. methanol/acetonitrile extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis confirmed the presence of both 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ on the surfaces of FPs, with significant variations (0.26–1.05 μg g −1 ) in loading capacity observed among the samples. Subsequent exposure of lung cells (THP-1, BEAS-2B, and A549) to 6-PPD and 6-PPDQ revealed dose-dependent declines in mitochondrial metabolic activity induced by 6-PPD, along with severe membrane damage, ATP depletion, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Conversely, 6-PPDQ exhibited negligible toxicity in all tested parameters. These findings underscore the potential health risks associated with airborne 6-PPD exposure and emphasize the importance of further research into the respiratory toxicity of 6-PPD derivatives.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
毒理学
·
公共卫生
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY
·
2022
·Vol. 37
·期 2
·e5535
·
IF 1.911
Jiayin Liu,Yang An,Jun Su,Qinghai Dong,Hongliu Xie,Jihua Liu
In this study, a new compound PPD-Arg (Tos) (PAT), an arginine derivative of 20(s)-PPD, was synthesized via Fmoc-Arg (Tos)-OH and 20(s)-PPD. The pharmacokinetic properties in rats, in vitro cytotoxicity, and cell apoptosis rates of protopanaxadiol (PPD) and PAT were determined. A sensitive bioanalytical method for pharmacokinetics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed and validated. The result showed that the T max and t 1/2 of PAT were significantly enhanced, indicating a long-lasting effect in vivo . Compared to the PPD group, the PAT group showed higher bioavailability. PAT also exhibited higher antitumor efficacy than PPD against three cancer cells, especially the strongest inhibitory activity against Huh-7, even more potent than the positive control of paclitaxel. Therefore, the apoptosis assay based on annexin V/propidium iodide–combined staining against Huh-7 further demonstrated that PAT could induce apoptosis of Huh-7 cells. Better pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor efficacy of the arginine derivative of 20(s)-PPD were important. These findings could provide references for further clinical research on amino acid derivatives of PPD as antitumor agents.
研究领域:
药理学
·
肿瘤学
·
分析化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）