Abstract Environmental bisphenol F (BPF) has a cyclic endocrine disruption effect, seriously threatening animal and human health. It is frequently detected in environmental samples worldwide. For BPF remediation, biological methods are more environmentally friendly than physicochemical methods. White-rot fungi have been increasingly studied due to their potential capability to degrade environmental pollutants. Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 has been shown to degrade BPF by ligninolytic enzymes under ligninolytic conditions. In the present study, degradation of BPF under non-ligninolytic conditions (no production of ligninolytic enzymes) was investigated. Our results showed that BPF could be completely removed after 7-d incubation. A metabolite of BPF, 4,4’-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) was identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and DHBP was further degraded by this fungus to form 4-hydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (HPHB). DHBP and HPHB were the intermediate metabolites of BPF and would be further degraded by P. sordida YK-624. We also found that cytochrome P450s played an important role in BPF degradation. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis further supported the involvement of these enzymes in the action of BPF degradation. Therefore, BPF is transformed to DHBP and then to HPHB likely oxidized by cytochrome P450s in P. sordida YK-624. Furthermore, the toxicological studies demonstrated that the order of endocrine-disrupting activity for BPF and its metabolites was HPHB > BPF > DHBP. Key points
• White-rot fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 could degrade BPF.
• Cytochrome P450s were involved in the BPF degradation.
• The order of endocrine disrupting activity was: HPHB > BPF > DHBP.
Graphical abstract
Imidaclothiz (IMZ), an innovative neonicotinoid insecticide, has attracted significant interest due to its environmental persistence and consequent ecological implications. In this research, the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 was used to degrade IMZ, unveiling a novel fungal degradation mechanism. The results demonstrated that IMZ was efficiently degraded by P. sordida YK-624. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that IMZ-induced stress triggered a cascade of enzymatic and cellular defense responses that are instrumental in facilitating its biodegradation. Through inhibitor experiments and enzyme activity profiling, cytochrome P450 and manganese peroxidase (MnP) were identified to play crucial roles in IMZ biodegradation. Additionally, three metabolites were isolated and identified by NMR, and two innovative degradation pathways involving hydroxylation and nitro reduction were proposed. Toxicity assessment suggested the reduced environmental risk of IMZ after its degradation by P. sordida YK-624. These findings provided insights into the IMZ degradation mechanism and highlighted the potential of white-rot fungi in neonicotinoid bioremediation.
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