POLYMER
·
2016
·
IF 3.586
Ping Yuan,Suchun Ji,Jianghuai Hu,Xueping Hu,Ke Zeng,Gang Yang
Blends of phthalonitrile ( CN ) and alicyclic imide compounds synthesized from tetrahydrophthalic anhydride ( CC ), methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride ( MCC ) and hexahydrophthalic anhydride ( HCC ), respectively, were prepared and characterized. Results from rheological studies demonstrated the scope of a novel Thermal Synergistic Polymerization (TSP) effect between phthalonitrile and the alicyclic imide compounds. FTIR data showed a unique phenomenon, which is, the C N of the phthalonitrile compound could be completely and rapidly consumed without generating any triazine ring. Further works on cured products of CC / CN system showed comparable or even higher thermal oxidation stability, low boiling water absorbance and moderate dielectric constant ( ε′ in the range of 4.8∼4.5) with almost no voids compared with that of the phthalonitrile resins promoted by traditional curing system of active hydrogen. Model system was designed to study the mechanism of TSP effect of alicyclic imide moiety/phthalonitrile. The systematic characterizations by FTIR, UV–Vis, MALDI-TOF MS, free radical scavenger (DPPH), EPR , etc. showed that the TSP reaction undergoes both copolymerization and homopolymerization with no triazine formation, involving a free radical process. Structural analysis of the oligomers suggested that phthalocyanine rings were a minor component of the thermoset networks, while polyisoindolines were the primary structural motif.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymer Chemistry
·
2023
·Vol. 14
·期 19
·2317-2325
·
IF 4.6
Wenjing Kong,Jiaqi Sun,Muyao Gao,Tianhao Li,Ming Liu,Yujie Song
Phthalonitrile resins as a unique class of high-performance materials have attracted increasing interest in wide application fields including aerospace, electronic packaging and flame-retardant materials. In this article, the boron element was incorporated into phthalonitrile resins to improve the processibility and thermal stability. The synthetic borate and aryl borate-modified resorcinol-based phthalonitrile monomers (BPN and PBPN) showed lower melting points than traditionally employed RPN. The presence of hydroxyl groups leads to autocatalytic curing behavior of BPN and PBPN. Due to the presence of the boron-branched structures in the polymer backbone of the modified phthalonitrile resins, these resins exhibited better thermal stability than traditionally investigated RPN and their mechanical properties are stable over a wide temperature range, which is crucial in service under harsh environments. The results suggest that boron-modified phthalonitrile resins possess great potential in the field of high-temperature resistant materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
航空航天工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2026
·
IF 5.2
Jiao Liu,Yiming Zhao,Changping Yin,Nan Wu,Yonglyu He,Jianwei Zhang,Yulin Zhang,Mingming Nie,Suli Xing
Next-generation aerospace platforms demand lightweight sandwich-core foams that withstand extreme temperatures (200–400 °C) while maintaining structural integrity. However, conventional polymer foam degrades above 200 °C. Phthalonitrile (PN) resins offer exceptional thermal stability but are hindered by high melting points, narrow processing windows, and curing challenges. Here, we present a melt–prepolymerization–foaming (MPF) strategy that overcomes the incompatibility between the high melting point and high curing temperature of PN and the relatively low decomposition temperature of conventional chemical foaming agents, which otherwise leads to pore coarsening or even foaming failure. We successfully fabricate tailorable cellular Phthalonitrile foams (PNF) with ultralow density (0.056 g·cm–3) and a high expansion ratio (up to 22.82). By decoupling prepolymerization from gas release, we achieve precise control over rheology and pore morphology, enabling closed-cell structures with uniform pore size (200–800 μm) and superior thermal stability (5% weight loss temperature up to 527 °C) and up to 15.309 MPa·cm3·g–1 specific strength. The resulting foams outperform existing high-temperature foams in density-normalized strength and thermal resistance, offering a scalable solution for extreme-environment applications in aerospace and beyond.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2025
·
IF 14.2
Dongqing Wang,Jinchuan Yang,Dingxuan Zhao,Jiqiang Hu,Bing Wang,Ming Liu
The design and synthesis of porous materials represent a critical strategy for advancing multifunctional applications of phthalonitrile resins. By coupling the intrinsic thermomechanical stability derived from heterocyclic macromolecular architectures with the functional benefits imparted by micro- and nanoporous structures, these materials offer enhanced high-performance options to meet demanding service conditions. Herein, we present a novel multi-step methodology for fabricating nanoporous phthalonitrile aerogel composites (PNAC), comprising phthalonitrile solution formulation, fiber reinforcement impregnation, sol-gel reaction, ambient-pressure drying, and post-curing. The resulting aerogel matrix features a three-dimensional porous skeleton composed of interconnected nanoparticles. Thermal analysis reveals exceptional stability, with a 5 % weight loss temperature (T d5 ) of 466 °C and a char yield of 55 wt% at 1000 °C. Incorporation of needled quartz fiber felt significantly improves the dimensional stability during processing. The prepared PNAC demonstrates a unique combination of properties: low density (0.28 g cm 3 ), ultralow thermal conductivity (54.3 mW·m −1 ·K −1 at 25 °C; 58.7 mW·m −1 ·K −1 at 200 °C), pronounced hydrophobicity (static contact angle: 141°), and self-extinguishing behavior. This multifunctional profile positions PNAC as a promising candidate for extreme-environmental applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
THERMOCHIMICA ACTA
·
2018
·
IF 2.189
Bo Liang,Jianghuai Hu,Ping Yuan,Chengfeng Li,Renke Li,Yao Liu,Ke Zeng,Gang Yang
Accurately modeling the kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction of phthalonitrile resin was helpful to investigate the pyrolysis mechanisms. To study the pyrolysis kinetics, phthalonitrile resin was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at different heating rates in flowing nitrogen. The results indicated that there were two consecutive and overlapping stages in the pyrolysis process. The overlapped peaks were separated by multi-peak fitting method. Two models, namely, Kissinger, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), were employed to calculate activation energy at various stages of pyrolysis process. Kinetic models were determined using the differential method and Coats-Redfern method. Based on the attained kinetic models and activation energy values, the pre-exponential factor values were determined by KAS method. According to the calculated apparent activation energies, the most probable kinetic mechanism functions and pre-exponential factors, the simulated data agreed well with the experimental data.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 6
Muyao Gao,Tianhao Li,Wenjing Kong,Xun Sun,Li Liu,Bing Li,Yujie Song,Ming Liu
Phthalonitrile resins are one of the high temperature resistant polymers which can be potentially used for harsh environments in both military and domestic fields. The high melting points of the monomers led to short processing windows and made processing procedure challenging and energy intensive. To solve this problem, liquid phthalonitrile monomers containing flexible siloxane segments were designed and synthesized. The long bond length and large bond angle of Si-O-Si chain segments introduced flexibility into the monomers and effectively reduced the melting point to −35.9 °C. Meanwhile, the high bond energy preserved the thermal stability of the resulting cured resin. The high fluidity (viscosity of ∼ 2 Pa·s at 30 °C) allows the monomers to be processed at room temperature without additional heating. In addition, the monomers can be dissolved in common organic solvents, such as ethyl acetate and ethanol. The resins cured at 250 °C demonstrated good thermal and thermal oxygen stability. The weight loss of 5 % in argon and air at temperatures of 428.6 °C and 434.9 °C, respectively. Furthermore, blending this liquid monomer blended with powdered monomers improved both the processibility of the high melting monomers and the overall temperature resistance of the cured resin. The resin showed a weight loss of 5 % in argon and air of 534.4 °C and 532.3 °C, respectively.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS
·
2020
·
IF 1.568
Zi-Long Wang,Xian-Yuan Liu,Yue Han,Ying Guo,Heng Zhou,Jun Wang,Wen-Bin Liu,Tong Zhao
In this article, a kind of polyester-type phthalonitrile cyano resin (2,2-bis (((3-((4-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy) benzoyl)oxy)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoyl)oxy)methyl) propane-1,3-diyl)bis(oxy)) bis (2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropane-3, 1-diyl) bis (4-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy) benzoate (hbppn)) with branched structure was introduced. The molecular structure and relative molecular mass of hbppn were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). The results showed that the synthesized HBPPN contained both polyester and hyperbranched structures. The thermal and rheological properties of HBPPN were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and rheometer, and the results showed that HBPPN would be cured at about 322°C and the viscosity of the resin showed good processability. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the synthesized resin had good heat resistance. The glass transition temperature was above 329°C, the residual weight (C y) at 900°C was as high as 66.2% in the nitrogen atmosphere, and the temperature at which the resin lost 5 wt% of heat in air atmosphere was about 423.3°C. The synthesized HBPPN had good comprehensive properties, which could be applied to high-temperature resistant and thermal protection materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS
·
2020
·
IF 1.568
Ke Li,Hua Yin,Kun Yang,Pei Dai,Ling Han,Riwei Xu
Designing novel low-melting, high-rigidity phthalonitrile resin is of great significance in the current context of development. In this study, rigid spirocycle acetal structure was introduced into phthalonitrile to reduce the melting point and maintain their thermal stability. The chemical structure of resins was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The curing behaviors were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal stability and mechanical properties of the cured resins were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The processability was studied by rheological analysis. The results indicated the three monomers had a low melting temperature, wide processing windows and low viscosities. These polymers did not exhibit Tg from room temperature to 400°C, exhibited superb dynamic mechanical property and thermal stability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER TESTING
·
2020
·
IF 3.275
Tao Zhou,Hang Xiao,Weifeng Peng,Bo Liang,Yao Liu,Jiangbo Lv,Jianghuai Hu,Ke Zeng,Gang Yang
The pyrolysis behaviors of l -tyrosine-based phthalonitrile(TPN) resin were investigated by thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry-mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS) and Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The small molecules produced during pyrolysis process of TPN resin were tracked in real time by TG-FTIR-MS. The larger molecules ( m / z > 40) from fast pyrolysis at 900 °C of the TPN resin using Py-GC/MS were identified. From TG-FTIR-MS and Py-GC/MS results, the production pathways of pyrolysis products such as CO 2 , CO, NH 3 , benzonitrile and phenol were analyzed. The possible pyrolysis mechanism of TPN resin under non-oxidizing gaseous environment was proposed. The results of this study provide the useful information for designing the molecular structure of l -tyrosine-based polymers which possessing high thermal stability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS
·
2023
·
IF 2.1
Weihao Yin,Xiaoming Sang,Jinghui Dong,Zhen Chen,Xinggang Chen
To improve the processability of biphenyl phthalonitrile resin, a flexible siloxane structure was introduced into the phthalonitrile monomer through molecular design, which was then blended with a biphenyl monomer to prepare phthalonitrile alloy resins. When the ratio of phthalonitrile monomer containing flexible siloxane to biphenyl phthalonitrile monomer was 1:1, the processing window widened from 58 to 110°C, as compared to that of biphenyl phthalonitrile. Due to the introduction of the biphenyl structure into the phthalonitrile alloy resins, the initial decomposition temperature of the silicon-containing phthalonitrile resin increased from 385 to 516°C. More importantly, the phthalonitrile alloy resin exhibited a high bending strength (66 MPa) and bending modulus (3762 MPa), indicating that it could be potentially applied as high temperature structural composite matrices. Furthermore, it provides a new strategy for processing phthalonitrile resins with a high melting point and narrow processing window.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
复合材料
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER COMPOSITES
·
2017
·Vol. 39
·期 10
·3705-3711
·
IF 2.324
Mehdi Derradji,Abdelkhalek Henniche,Jun Wang,Abdul Qadeer Dayo,Jia-hu Ouyang,Wen-bin Liu,Aboubakr Medjahed
A new kind of nanocomposites was prepared from a high performance phthalonitrile resin and Ti 3 SiC 2 MAX phase ceramic nanoparticles. The synergistic combination of both phases led to nanocomposites with improved thermal and mechanical properties. For instance, the thermal conductivity and tensile properties of the neat resin were highly enhanced on adding more nanofillers contents. Moreover, the phthalonitrile resin toughness was enhanced by 123% at the maximum nanoparticles loading of 15 vol.%. The experimental investigations were also compared with predictions from Series, Halpin-Tsai, and Kerner models and a full discussion was provided. A high resolution transmission electron microscope confirmed the ability of the MAX phase to create a conductive network, especially at high nanofillers amounts. SEM analyses of the tensile fractured surfaces revealed positive changes in the morphology, such as an increase in the roughness and amount of hackling as well as the formation of multiple micro-cracks. The MAX phase also enhanced the thermal stability, stiffness, and glass transition temperature of the neat resin. This work confirms the superiority of the MAX phase ceramics over the traditional ones in enhancing the properties of the phthalonitrile resin and opens the way for further research in the field. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3705–3711, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
研究领域:
材料科学
·
复合材料工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2023
·
IF 5
Ke Li,Xiaoyi Sun,Hua Yin,Kun Yang,Pei Dai,Ling Han,Longgui Zhang,Riwei Xu
Preparing biobased high-performance thermosetting resins is one of the most important factors for sustainable development. In this work, two kinds of phthalonitrile resins containing spirocycle acetal structures were synthesized from pentaerythritol and renewable vanillin and isovanillin by an efficient two-step process. The structures of vanillin- and isovanillin-based phthalonitrile (VPN and IVPN) monomers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The curing behaviors of these monomers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and FTIR. The thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties of the cured resins were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The processing properties were studied by a rheological analysis. Compared with traditional petroleum-based phthalonitrile resins such as bisphenol A and bisphenol, cured VPN and IVPN resins exhibited good thermal stability and thermomechanical properties, high glass transition temperature (Tg), and excellent processability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
有机化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）