Ru particles were introduced into the zeolite ZSM-5 (MFI) by either a conventional impregnation method or a one-step template-free process. The resultant materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N 2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, NH 3 and CO 2 temperature-programmed desorption. The results indicated that the Ru species in ZSM-5 catalysts prepared via the latter approach (designated as Ru/ZSM-5-TF) were highly dispersed in the ZSM-5 framework structure and this material exhibited high catalytic performance during the hydrogenation of D-glucose to D-sorbitol. The conversion of D-glucose was as high as 99.6% with D-sorbitol selectivity reaching 99.2%, exceeding the performance of Ru/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by the conventional impregnation method with microporous or desilicated ZSM-5 supports. More importantly, this catalyst showed high stability against leaching and poisoning and could be reused several times. The extensive dispersion of the Ru species, strong interaction between the Ru species and the ZSM-5, and the suitable surface acidity-basicity balance of the Ru/ZSM-5-TF were all critical factors leading to excellent catalytic behavior and stability.
Waste cooking oil (WCO) energy development offers an effective method for producing renewable fuels , enabling simultaneous resource recovery and pollution reduction. This study aims to develop a novel bimetallic Fe(Ni)-Ru/ZSM-5 catalyst toward H 2 -rich syngas production from WCO. The results show that Fe-Ru/ZSM-5 produced a higher maximum H 2 yield (84.05 μmol·g cat. −1 ·s −1 ) than did Ni-Ru/ZSM-5 (41.76 μmol·g cat. −1 ·s −1 ) when fed at a 50 L/min rate at an optimal temperature of 700 °C. Fe-Ru/ZSM-5 presented a more prolific microporous distribution, whose structure contributes to the diffusion of the short-chain hydrocarbon intermediate reactants to enhance hydrogen production . Fe(III) can help to improve the conversion ratio of benzene and the anti‑carbon deposition capability of the catalyst. The dealumination and oxidation decreases the stability of the catalyst and may lead to inactivation. Furthermore, this study discusses the mechanism of bimetallic-loaded catalysts combining noble metals with transition metals in WCO pyrolysis . The results point to effective new approaches to increase H 2 production through the catalytic pyrolysis of WCO.
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