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NANOTECHNOLOGY · 2016 ·Vol. 27 ·期 16 ·165101 · IF 3.573

Multifunctional reduction-responsive SPIO&DOX-loaded PEGylated polymeric lipid vesicles for magnetic resonance imaging-guided drug delivery

Sheng Wang,Weitao Yang,Hongli Du,Fangfang Guo,Hanjie Wang,Jin Chang,Xiaoqun Gong,Bingbo Zhang

Multifunctional superparamagnetic iron-oxide (SPIO)-based nanoparticles have been emerging as candidate nanosystems for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we report the use of reduction- responsive SPIO/doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (PEG)ylated polymeric lipid vesicles (SPIO&DOX-PPLVs) as a novel theranostic system for tumor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis and controlled drug delivery. These SPIO&DOX-PPLVs are composed of SPIOs that function as MR contrast agents for tumor enhancement and PPLVs as polymer matrices for encapsulating SPIO and antitumor drugs. The in vitro characterizations show that the SPIO&DOX-PPLVs have nanosized structures (∼80 nm), excellent colloidal stability,  good biocompatibility, as well as T2-weighted MRI capability with a relatively high T2 relaxivity (r2 = 213.82 mM−1 s−1). In vitro drug release studies reveal that the release rate of DOX from the SPIO&DOX-PPLVs is accelerated in the reduction environment. An in vitro cellular uptake study and an antitumor study show that the SPIO&DOX-PPLVs have magnetic targeting properties and effective antitumor activity. In vivo studies show the SPIO&DOX-PPLVs have excellent T2-weighted tumor targeted MRI capability, image-guided drug delivery capability, and high antitumor effects. These results suggest that the SPIO&DOX-PPLVs are promising nanocarriers for MRI diagnosis and cancer therapy applications.

CAS / MDL: 9048-71-9 9004-54-0
研究领域: 医学影像学 · 纳米医学 · 药剂学
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JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE · 2020 · IF 7.727

Mesoporous polydopamine carrying sorafenib and SPIO nanoparticles for MRI-guided ferroptosis cancer therapy

Qingqing Guan,Ruomi Guo,Shihui Huang,Fan Zhang,Jie Liu,Zhiyong Wang,Xi Yang,Xintao Shuai,Zhong Cao

Iron-based nanomaterials as the main ferroptosis-inducing platforms are more promising because iron itself is a key component in the Fenton reaction to produce ROS . However, the Fe dose needs to be very high in order to induce ferroptosis-based cancer treatment using the SPIO NPs. Therefore, it is still of great challenge to enhance the efficacy of ferroptosis-based cancer therapy by associating the iron-based nanomaterials with other components and therapeutic modalities. In this study, sorafenib (SRF) and ultrasmall SPIO nanoparticles were loaded into the mesopores and onto the surface of MPDA NPs to form [email protected] nanoparticles. SPIO loading endowed the system with iron-supply for ferroptosis and made the system MRI-visible. Meanwhile, SRF was able to induce ferroptosis in cancer cells with lower Fe dose. Furthermore, the heat generated by MPDA NPs upon laser irradiation offered a moderate PTT to boost the ferroptosis effect. The [email protected] exhibited biocompatibility highly desirable for in vivo application and superior anticancer therapy via the combination of ferroptosis and photothermal therapy.

CAS / MDL: 62-31-7 108-67-8
研究领域: 纳米技术 · 癌症研究 · 医学影像 · 诊疗一体化
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PeerJ · 2023 · IF 2.7

Influence of SPIO labelling on the function of BMSCs in chemokine receptors expression and chemotaxis

Yuanchun Liu,Wanyi Huang,Huiyang Wang,Wei Lu,Jiayu Guo,Li Yu,Lina Wang

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are increasingly being used in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to enable homing of the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells and suppress acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD). The aim of this study was to optimize the labelling of BMSCs with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs), and evaluate the impact of the SPIOs on the biological characteristics, gene expression profile and chemotaxis function of the BMSCs. The viability and proliferation rates of the SPIO-labeled BMSCs were analyzed by trypan blue staining and CCK-8 assay respectively, and the chemotaxis function was evaluated by the transwell assay. The expression levels of chemokine receptors were measured by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The SPIOs had no effect on the viability of the BMSCs regardless of the labelling concentration and culture duration. The labelling rate of the cells was higher when cultured for 48 h with the SPIOs. Furthermore, cells labeled with 25 µg/ml SPIOs for 48 h had the highest proliferation rates, along with increased expression of chemokine receptor genes and proteins. However, there was no significant difference between the chemotaxis function of the labeled and unlabeled BMSCs. To summarize, labelling BMSCs with 25 µg/ml SPIOs for 48h did not affect their biological characteristics and chemotaxis function, which can be of significance for in vivo applications.

CAS / MDL: 1317-61-9
研究领域: 干细胞研究 · 分子生物学 · 细胞生物学
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JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY · 2021 ·Vol. 19 ·期 1 ·1-17 · IF 10.435

Sialic acid-engineered mesoporous polydopamine dual loaded with ferritin gene and SPIO for achieving endogenous and exogenous synergistic T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of HCC

Fan Kai,Lu Chengying,Shu Gaofeng,Lv Xiu-Ling,Qiao Enqi,Zhang Nannan,Chen Minjiang,Song Jingjing,Wu Fazong,Zhao Zhongwei,Xu Xiaoling,Xu Min,Chen Chunmiao,Yang Weibin,Sun Jihong,Du Yongzhong,Ji Jiansong

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most effective imaging methods for the early diagnosis of HCC. However, the current MR contrast agents are still facing challenges in the early diagnosis of HCC due to their relatively low sensitivity and biosafety. Thus, the development of effective MR agents is highly needed for the early diagnosis of HCC. Results Herein, we fabricated an HCC-targeted nanocomplexes containing SPIO-loaded mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA@SPIO), sialic acid (SA)-modified polyethyleneimine (SA-PEI), and alpha-fetoprotein regulated ferritin gene (AFP-Fth) which was developed for the early diagnosis of HCC. It was found that the prepared nanocomplexes (MPDA@SPIO/SA-PEI/AFP-Fth) has an excellent biocompatibility towards the liver cells. In vivo and in vivo studies revealed that the transfection of AFP-Fth gene in hepatic cells significantly upregulated the expression level of ferritin, thereby resulting in an enhanced contrast on T2-weighted images via the formed endogenous MR contrast. Conclusions The results suggested that MPDA@SPIO/SA-PEI/AFP-Fth had a superior ability to enhance the MR contrast of T2-weighted images of tumor region than the other preparations, which was due to its HCC-targeted ability and the combined T2 contrast effect of endogenous ferritin and exogenous SPIO. Our study proved that MPDA@SPIO/SA-PEI/AFP-Fth nanocomplexes could be used as an effective MR contrast agent to detect HCC in the early stage.

研究领域: 医学影像学 · 纳米技术 · 癌症生物学 · 分子生物学
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Biomaterials Science · 2020 ·Vol. 8 ·期 19 ·5329-5345 · IF 6.183

Plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets with a SPIO-NP dispersed perfluoropentane core and lipid shell for tumor-targeted intracellular plasmid delivery

Wei Dong,Anqi Huang,Jixiu Huang,Pengying Wu,Shifang Guo,Huasheng Liu,Mengfan Qin,Xinxing Yang,Bo Zhang,Mingxi Wan,Yujin Zong

Using ultrasound activating contrast agents to induce sonoporation is a potential strategy for effective lesion-targeted gene delivery. Previous reports have proven that submicron nanodroplets have a better advantage than microbubbles in that they can pass through tumor vasculature endothelial gaps by passive targeting; however, they cannot achieve an adequate dose in tumors to facilitate ultrasound-enhanced gene delivery. Additionally, a few studies focused on delivering macromolecular genetic materials (i.e. overexpression plasmid and CRISPR plasmid) have presented more unique advantages than small-molecular genetic materials (i.e. miRNA mimics, siRNA and shRNA etc.), such as enhancing the expression of target genes with long-term effectiveness. Thereby, we constructed novel plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets, where superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle dispersed perfluoropentane was encapsulated with lipids to which plasmids could be adhered, and branched polyethylenimine was used to protect the plasmids from enzymolysis. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to verify the magnetic tumor-targeting ability of the plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets and focused ultrasound enhanced intracellular plasmid delivery. The plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets, carrying 16–19 plasmids per droplet, had desirable diameters less than 300 nm, and integrated the merits of excellent magnetic targeting capabilities and phase transition sensitivity to focused ultrasound. Under programmable focused ultrasound exposure, the plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets underwent a phase-transition into echogenic microbubbles and the subsequent inertial cavitation of the microbubbles achieved an ∼40% in vitro plasmid delivery efficiency. Following intravenous administration, T2-weighted magnet resonance imaging, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry of the tumors showed significantly enhanced intratumoral accumulation of the plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets under an external magnetic field. And a GFP ELISA assay and immunofluorescence staining indicated that focused ultrasound-induced inertial cavitation of the plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets significantly enhanced the intracellular delivery of plasmids within the tumor after magnet-assisted accumulation, while only lower GFP levels were observed in the tumors on applying focused ultrasound or an external magnet alone. Taken together, utilizing the excellent plasmid-loadable magnetic/ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets combined with magnetism and ultrasound could efficiently deliver plasmids to cancer cells, which could be a potential strategy for macromolecular genetic material delivery in the clinic to treat cancer.

CAS / MDL: 75-59-2
研究领域: 生物医学工程 · 纳米技术 · 癌症治疗 · 基因递送 · 超声成像 · 磁性靶向
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CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE · 2025 · IF 4

A Fluorine-free Polysulfone-Polyamide-Polyimide Copolymer Binder for LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode in Lithium-ion Battery

Peng Hao,Liu Lin,Zhang Qiao,Liu Shuhao,Lin Man,Li Hao,Deng Yonghong,Jiao Chuanlai,Wang Chaoyang,Xu Hongli

High-voltage LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) cathodes are critical for enhancing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The development of binders compatible with high-voltage NCM811 cathode materials is crucial to enhance the electrochemical performance of LIBs. However, the traditional fluoropolymer binder, poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF), can potentially leach components or break down into poly(fluoroalkyl substances) (PFAS) chemicals, thereby contributing to PFAS contamination. A novel fluorine-free polymer, polysulfone-polyamide-polyimide (SPIO), was designed and synthesized as a binder for NCM811 cathodes. The SPIO binder exhibits exceptional mechanical properties and superior electrochemical characteristics. The cathode film fabricated with SPIO demonstrated a remarkable delamination force of 8 N (390 N·m −1 ), indicating robust adhesion. The Li∥NCM811 cell incorporating the SPIO binder retained 80% of its initial capacity after 300 cycles at a current density of 0.2 C. In comparison, the control cells assembled with the PVDF binder retained only 52% of their capacities under the same cycling conditions. Furthermore, the SPIO binder exhibited improved compatibility with the electrolyte. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the cathode films after 100 cycles revealed the formation of a uniform, dense, and continuous chemical-electrochemical interface (CEI) by the SPIO binder on the surface of the NCM811 particles, which significantly contributed to the enhancement of the electrochemical performance. These results highlight the potential of SPIO as an advanced binder material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

研究领域: 材料科学 · 能源技术 · 环境科学
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Regenerative Biomaterials · 2021 ·Vol. 8 ·期 6 · IF 6.353

Integration of PEG-conjugated gadolinium complex and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as T1–T2 dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging probes

Yang Li,Fu Shengxiang,Cai Zhongyuan,Liu Li,Xia Chunchao,Gong Qiyong,Song Bin,Ai Hua

The T1−T2 dual-mode probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can non-invasively acquire comprehensive information of different tissues or generate self-complementary information of the same tissue at the same time, making MRI a more flexible imaging modality for complicated applications. In this work, three Gadolinium-diethylene-triaminepentaaceticacid (Gd-DTPA) complex conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles with different Gd/Fe molar ratio (0.94, 1.28 and 1.67) were prepared as T1–T2 dual-mode MRI probes, named as SPIO@PEG-GdDTPA0.94, SPIO@PEG-GdDTPA1.28 and SPIO@PEG-GdDTPA1.67, respectively. All SPIO@PEG-GdDTPA nanocomposites with 8 nm spherical SPIO nanocrystals showed good Gd3+ chelate stability. SPIO@PEG-GdDTPA0.94 nanocomposites with lowest Gd/Fe molar ratio show no cytotoxicity to Raw 264.7 cells as compared to SPIO@PEG-GdDTPA1.28 and SPIO@PEG-GdDTPA1.67. SPIO@PEG-GdDTPA0.94 nanocomposites with r1 (8.4 mM−1s−1), r2 (83.2 mM−1s−1) and relatively ideal r2/r1 ratio (9.9) were selected for T1–T2 dual-mode MRI of blood vessels and liver tissue in vivo. Good contrast images were obtained for both cardiovascular system and liver in animal studies under a clinical 3 T scanner. Importantly, one can get high-quality contrast-enhanced blood vessel images within the first 2 h after contrast agent administration and acquire liver tissue anatomy information up to 24 h. Overall, the strategy of one shot of the dual mode MRI agent could bring numerous benefits not only for patients but also to the radiologists and clinicians, e.g. saving time, lowering side effects and collecting data of different organs sequentially.

CAS / MDL: 6381-92-6 10138-52-0
研究领域: 医学影像学 · 纳米医学 · 生物医学工程
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Nanoscale Research Letters · 2021 ·Vol. 16 ·期 1 ·1-13 · IF 4.703

Synthesis of SPIO Nanoparticles and the Subsequent Applications in Stem Cell Labeling for Parkinson’s Disease

An Li,Tao Qing,Wu Yue,Wang Nana,Liu Yan,Wang Feifei,Zhang Lixing,Shi Aihua,Zhou Xiumin,Yu Shuang,Zhang Jingzhong

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, and the stem cell transplantation method provides a promising strategy for the treatment. In these studies, tracking the biological behaviors of the transplanted cells in vivo is essential for a basic understanding of stem cell function and evaluation of clinical effectiveness. In the present study, we developed a novel ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coating with the polyacrylic acid (PAA) and methoxypolyethylene glycol amine (PEG) by thermal decomposition method and a two-step modification. The USPIO-PAA/PEG NPs have a uniform diameter of 10.07 ± 0.55 nm and proper absorption peak of the corresponding ligands, as showed by TEM and FTIR. MTT showed that the survival of cells incubated with USPIO-PAA/PEG NPs remained above 96%. The synthesized USPIO-PAA/PEG had a good relaxation rate of 84.65 s −1  Mm −1 , indicating that they could be efficiently uptake and traced by MRI. Furthermore, the primary human adipose-derived stem cells (HADSCs) were characterized, labeled with USPIO-PAA/PEG and transplanted into the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rat models. The labeled cells could be traced by MRI for up to 3 weeks after the transplantation surgery; moreover, transplantation with the labeled HADSCs significantly attenuated apomorphine-induced rotations in PD models and increased the number of the dopaminergic neurons in the substania nigra . Overall, the development of USPIO-PAA/PEG NPs provides a promising tool for in vivo tracing technique of cell therapy and identifies a novel strategy to track stem cells with therapeutic potential in PD.

研究领域: 医学影像学 · 神经科学 · 细胞治疗
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Science China-Materials · 2024 ·Vol. 67 ·期 12 ·4101-4110 · IF 6.8

A rapid-response smart nanoplatform with dual T1-T2 activation for acidic microenvironment imaging

Luo Meng,Guo Jiajing,Zhu Yi,Deng Jiali,Lu Hongwei,Li Lei,Wang Zhongling

Acidity-activatable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nanoprobes offer great potential for in vivo cancer imaging by targeting the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME). However, their effectiveness is limited by the delayed response at tumor sites and uncontrollable background noise, compromising imaging accuracy and reliability. Herein, an acidic TME-responsive nanoprobe, SPIO@ZIF-8@Gd (SZG), with dually activatable T 1 and T 2 MR signals is shown for acidity-selective contrast enhancement in a rapid response manner. It shows decreased T 1 and T 2 contrast intensity in normal physiological conditions. Once targeting acidic TME, the zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) layer undergoes instantaneous decomposition, releasing Gd 3+ ( T 1 -weighted), and exposing the inner SPIO ( T 2 -weighted) core, thereby sequentially recovering the signals. Compared to previously reported T 1 - T 2 nanoprobes, SZG demonstrates noticeable “dual activation” after just 30 min and reaches its peak 4 h after acid incubation. Additionally, it shows an excellent “acidity correlation” between relaxation times and pH values. When the SZG nanoprobe is used combined with “dual-contrast enhanced subtraction (DESI)”, the contrast difference between diseased and normal tissue can be increased by 10 times, which is significantly higher than traditional single-mode T 1 / T 2 contrast agents. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a rapid imaging strategy of dual-activation MR imaging of the acidic TME and simultaneous background suppression, thus paving the way for precise tumor malignancy differentiation, early tumor detection, and accurate tumor grading.

研究领域: 医学影像学 · 生物材料学
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Nature Communications · 2022 ·Vol. 13 ·期 1 ·1-12 · IF 17.694

A pH-responsive T1-T2 dual-modal MRI contrast agent for cancer imaging

Lu Hongwei,Chen An,Zhang Xindan,Wei Zixiang,Cao Rong,Zhu Yi,Lu Jingxiong,Wang Zhongling,Tian Leilei

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technology to diagnose health conditions, showing the weakness of low sensitivity. Herein, we synthesize a contrast agent, SPIO@SiO 2 @MnO 2 , which shows decreased T 1 and T 2 contrast intensity in normal physiological conditions. In the acid environment of tumor or inflamed tissue, the manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) layer decomposes into magnetically active Mn 2+ (T 1 -weighted), and the T 1 and T 2 signals are sequentially recovered. In addition, both constrast quenching-activation degrees of T 1 and T 2 images can be accurately regulated by the silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) intermediate layer between superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and MnO 2 . Through the “dual-contrast enhanced subtraction” imaging processing technique, the contrast sensitivity of this MRI contrast agent is enhanced to a 12.3-time difference between diseased and normal tissue. Consequently, SPIO@SiO 2 @MnO 2 is successfully applied to trace the tiny liver metastases of approximately 0.5 mm and monitor tissue inflammation.

研究领域: 医学影像 · 癌症研究 · 材料科学 · 生物医学工程
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Bioactive Materials · 2020 · IF 8.724

Sialic acid-engineered mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles loaded with SPIO and Fe3+ as a novel theranostic agent for T1/T2 dual-mode MRI-guided combined chemo-photothermal treatment of hepatic cancer

Gaofeng Shu,Minjiang Chen,Jingjing Song,Xiaoling Xu,Chenying Lu,Yuyin Du,Min Xu,Zhongwei Zhao,Minxia Zhu,Kai Fan,Xiaoxi Fan,Shiji Fang,Bufu Tang,Yiyang Dai,Yongzhong Du,Jiansong Ji

Hepatic cancer is a serious disease with high morbidity and mortality. Theranostic agents with effective diagnostic and therapeutic capability are highly needed for the treatment of hepatic cancer. Herein, we aimed to develop a novel mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA)-based theranostic agent for T1/T2 dual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided cancer chemo-photothermal therapy. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-loaded MPDA NPs ( [email protected] ) was firstly prepared, followed by modifying with a targeted molecule of sialic acid (SA) and chelating with Fe 3+ ( [email protected] /Fe 3+ NPs). After that, doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded [email protected] /Fe 3+ NPs ( [email protected] /DOX/Fe 3+ ) was prepared for tumor theranostics. The prepared [email protected] /Fe 3+ NPs were water-dispersible and biocompatible as evidenced by MTT assay. In vitro photothermal and relaxivity property suggested that the novel theranostic agent possessed excellent photothermal conversion capability and photostability, with relaxivity of being r 1  = 4.29 mM −1 s −1 and r 2  = 105.53 mM −1 s −1 , respectively. [email protected] /Fe 3+ NPs could effectively encapsulate the DOX, showing dual pH- and thermal-triggered drug release behavior. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that [email protected] /DOX/Fe 3+ NPs could effectively target to the hepatic tumor tissue, which was possibly due to the specific interaction between SA and the overexpressed E-selectin. This behavior also endowed [email protected] /DOX/Fe 3+ NPs with a more precise T1-T2 dual mode contrast imaging effect than the one without SA modification. In addition, [email protected] /DOX/Fe 3+ NPs displayed a superior therapeutic effect, which was due to its active targeting ability and combined effects of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. These results demonstrated that [email protected] /DOX/Fe 3+ NPs is an effective targeted nanoplatform for tumor theranostics, having potential value in the effective treatment of hepatic cancer.

研究领域: 医学影像学 · 肿瘤学 · 纳米医学
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ADVANCED MATERIALS · 2023 · IF 29.4

Magnetic Aggregation-Induced Bone-Targeting Nanocarrier with Effects of Piezo1 Activation and Osteogenic–Angiogenic Coupling for Osteoporotic Bone Repair

Haitao Guan,Wei Wang,Zichao Jiang,Boyu Zhang,Zhipeng Ye,Judun Zheng,Wei Chen,Yuhui Liao,Yingze Zhang

Osteoporosis, characterized by an imbalance in bone homeostasis, is a global health concern. Bone defects are difficult to heal in patients with osteoporosis. Classical drug treatments for osteoporotic bone defects have unsatisfactory efficacy owing to side effects and imprecise delivery problems. In this study, a magnetic aggregation-induced bone-targeting poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, PLGA)-based nanocarrier (ZOL-PLGA@Yoda1/SPIO) is synthesized to realize dual-targeted delivery and precise Piezo1-activated therapy for osteoporotic bone defects. Piezo1 is an important mechanotransducer that plays a key role in regulating bone homeostasis. To achieve dual-targeting properties, ZOL-PLGA@Yoda1/SPIO is fabricated using zoledronate (ZOL)-decorated PLGA, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO), and Piezo1-activated molecule Yoda1 via the emulsion solvent diffusion method. Bone-targeting molecular mediation and magnetic aggregation-induced properties can jointly and effectively achieve precise delivery to localized bone defects. Moreover, Yoda1 loading enables targeted and efficient mimicking of mechanical signals and activation of Piezo1. Experiments in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that ZOL-PLGA@Yoda1/SPIO can activate Piezo1 in bone defect areas of osteoporotic mice, improve osteogenesis through YAP/β-catenin signaling axis, promote a well-coordinated osteogenesis–angiogenesis coupling, and significantly accelerate bone reconstruction within the defects without noticeable side effects. Overall, this novel dual-targeting nanocarrier provides a potentially effective strategy for the clinical treatment of osteoporotic bone defects.

研究领域: 生物医学工程 · 纳米技术 · 骨生物学 · 力学生物学 · 药物递送系统
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