Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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2014
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IF 2.175
Chuan-li Lu,Wei Zhu,Min Wang,Xiao-jie Xu,Chuan-jian Lu
Smilax glabra Roxb. has been used for a long time as both food and folk medicine. In the present study, phenolic-enriched extract of S. glabra (PEESG) was extracted with 70% ethanol and purified by HP-20 column chromatography. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by radical scavenging assay, reducing power determination, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells assays, respectively. PEESG exhibited obviously scavenging capacity for DPPH and ABTS radicals, as well as significant reducing power for ferric ion. Particularly, PEESG (12.5–50 μg/mL) showed a significantly higher efficiency for scavenging ABTS than that of ascorbic acid and no significant difference with ascorbic acid for DPPH scavenging. PEESG also possessed a significant suppression effect on proinflammatory mediators production, such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the main ingredients of PEESG were identified using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-ESI-MS). Seventeen components, including 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, neoastilbin, astilbin, neoisoastilbin, isoastilbin, engetin and isoengeletin were identified. These findings strongly suggest the potential of PEESG as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.
研究领域:
药理学
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植物化学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2020
·Vol. 25
·期 22
·5295
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IF 3.267
Xinyu Zhao,Ruyi Chen,Yueyue Shi,Xiaoxi Zhang,Chongmei Tian,Daozong Xia
This study aimed to isolate, prepare and identify the main flavonoids from a standardizedSmilax glabraflavonoids extract (SGF) using preparative HPLC, MS,1H NMR and13C NMR, determine the contents of these flavonoids using UPLC, then compare their pharmacological activities in vitro. We obtained six flavonoids from SGF: astilbin (18.10%), neoastilbin (11.04%), isoastilbin (5.03%), neoisoastilbin (4.09%), engeletin (2.58%) and (−)-epicatechin (1.77%). The antioxidant activity of six flavonoids were evaluated by determining the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS+) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of six flavonoids were evaluated by determining the production of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and the NF-κB p65 expression using Western blotting in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that (−)-epicatechin, astilbin, neoastilbin, isoastilbin and neoisoastilbin had strong antioxidant activities, not only in DPPH and ABTS+radicals scavenging capacities, but in FRAP system. Furthermore, all the six flavonoids could significantly inhibit the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, NO (p< 0.01) and the protein expression of NF-κB p-p65 (p< 0.01) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. This study preliminarily verified the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of six flavonoids inS. glabra.Keywords:flavonoids;Smilax glabra;preparative HPLC;antioxidant;anti-inflammatory
研究领域:
药理学
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生物化学
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植物化学
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PubMed
高影响因子
BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY
·
2026
·Vol. 40
·期 6
·e70448
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IF 1.7
Danhong Zhong,Yiliang Li,Ying Feng,Haidi Wang,Siqi Zheng,Xiaoming Sun,YuanYuan,Yuxin Pang,Xiaomin Tang
Smilax glabra Roxb. (SGR) is the dried rhizome of Smilax glabra Roxb., a member of the Liliaceae family. As evidenced by ancient Chinese medical texts, the efficacy of this substance in the elimination of toxins, the eradication of dampness, and the promotion of joint mobility has been well documented. Modern pharmacological studies indicate that it possesses activities such as lowering uric acid, treating gouty arthritis, addressing immune system disorders, and exhibiting antitumor effects. In this paper, chemometric methods were used to construct the spectral effect relationship between the fingerprints of 15 batches of SGR extracts from different origins and varied in vitro antigouty arthritis activities. The results showed that the chemical composition of the samples from different sources varied significantly, with the samples from Guangxi, Hunan, and Yunnan provinces exhibiting comparatively higher quality. Among the nine common peaks, neoisoastilbin and isoastilbin were considered to be significantly correlated with the antigouty arthritis activity of SGR. The results of this study will offer reference guidelines for the quality control of SGR, thereby providing a scientific basis for its pharmacodynamic foundation and quality assurance.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
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2019
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IF 3.414
Liping Huang,Jiao Deng,Guangtong Chen,Meng Zhou,Jian Liang,Bo Yan,Jicheng Shu,Yonghong Liang,Huilian Huang
Ethnopharmacological relevance Smilax glabra Roxb. (SG), a Chinese medicinal herb which called “tufuling”, is believed to be effective in treating hyperuricemia and gout symptoms. But the active substance and pharmacological mechanism of reducing uric acid remain unknown. This study aimed to obtain the total flavonoids including four astilbin stereoisomers and to examine their effects on reducing uric acid content in hyperuricemic mice. Materials and methods The total flavonoids of S. glabra (TFSG) were purified and then analysed by HPLC-PDA-MS. The effect of TFSG on the content of serum uric acid (S UA ), Serum creatinine (S Cr ), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD) in hyperuricemic mouse model induced by potassium oxonate were examined. Western blot and PCR method were also used to investigate whether TFSG have effect on renal transport protein organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) and their mRNA in hypeuricemic mice. Result Total flavonoids were obtained from EtOAc soluble portion of S. glabra . Four compounds were identified as neoastilbin, astilbin, neoisoastilbin and isoastilbin, which accounted for 55.6% of total flavonoids. TFSG could significantly reduce the serum uric acid content in hyperuricemic mouse (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). The activities of hepatic XOD have been reduced in hyperuricemic mouse administered with 125 mg/kg TFSG (p < 0.05). The expressions of renal OAT1, OCTN2 and their mRNA have been up-regulated in hyperuricemic mice administered with TFSG (250, 125 mg/kg) (p < 0.01or p < 0.05). TFSG (62.5 mg/kg) could also elevated the expression of renal OCTN2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion A novel and simple method for preparative separation of astilbin stereoisomers from S. glabra was developed. It was the first time to obtain total flavonoids (including four marker compounds) of S. glabra, and the total content was up to 55.6%. The results suggested TFSG has significant effect on reducing uric acid in hyperuricemic mice by inhibiting the XOD activities and up-regulating the expression of OAT1, OCTN2 and their mRNA in kidney tissue.
研究领域:
药理学
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民族药理学
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分子生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
·
2025
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IF 14.6
Nan Wang,Lingling Wu,Yaya Su,Chi Zhang,Xu Chen,Hailong Yuan
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent cutaneous condition with chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, posing a public health concern owing to its long-lasting and recurrent nature. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut microbiota, exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects in AD. Yet, its delivery via butyrylated starch for prolonged release in the colon has not been adequately investigated. In this study, butyrylated Smilax glabra starch (BSGS) was synthesized and its therapeutic potential against AD via modulation of the gut–skin axis was examined. BSGS exhibited a C-type crystalline structure and highly resistance to gastrointestinal digestion. In vitro anaerobic fermentation showed that BSGS effectively promoted the generation of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, and positively influenced the gut microbial composition. In AD mice, BSGS administration considerably mitigated cutaneous inflammation, lowered serum proinflammatory cytokines, restored intestinal barrier integrity, and modulated gut microbiota by increasing Bacteroides and norank_f__Prevotellaceae while decreasing Alistipes and norank_o__RF39 . This therapeutic effect was associated with butyrate release and NF- κ B pathway suppression, as evidenced by the reduced phosphorylation of p65 and I κ B α . These findings establish that BSGS, a novel colon-targeted butyrate donor, holds promising potential in AD treatment by modulating the immune system via the gut–skin axis.
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PubMed
高影响因子
CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION
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2025
·Vol. 43
·期 7
·e70100
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IF 2.7
Jie Xiao,Weiwei He,Xiaoyang Fang,Rongrong Zhou,Ao Huang,Yikun Wang,Qing Du,Linben Xu,Fei Cheng,Hongliang Zeng
Smilax glabra Roxb. is a natural herb, exhibits significant uric acid lowering effect in clinical. However, the specific mechanism remains to be clarified. To study this problem, intraperitoneal injection of Potassium oxazinate (PO) and Hypoxanthine (HX) induced hyperuricemia in mice model, and mice were divided into control, model, and model plus ethanol extract (TFL), ethyl acetate extract (TFL_Y), n-butanol extract (TFL_Z), and residual aqueous extract (TFL_S) of Smilax glabra Roxb., And then a follow-up test. Furthermore, possible pharmacological components were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The results showed that serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, d -lactate, lipopolysaccharide levels and xanthine oxidase. They could upregulate renal OAT1 and ABCG2, downregulate renal URAT1, reduce renal tubular dilation and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, they could upregulate intestinal tight junction proteins, increase the number of intestinal goblet cells, and repair damage to the intestinal barrier. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that restored intestinal microbiota by increasing probiotic bacteria ( Candidatus Saccharimonas , Lachnospiraceae NK4A136_group ) and reducing pathogenic bacteria ( Helicobacter ). Furthermore, it was found that all control taint flavonoids such as Neoastalbin, Astibin, Neoiosastilbin, Isoastalbin, Engeletin, and Isoengeletin. Summary This study elucidates the multi-target mechanisms underlying the urate-lowering effects of Smilax glabra Roxb., including modulation of renal urate transporters (OAT1/ABCG2/URAT1), improvement of intestinal barrier function, and restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis. Flavonoid (e.g., neoastilbin and isoastilbin) were identified as the main active ingredients through UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. For the first time, we comprehensively revealed the “gut-kidney axis” mechanism of Smilax glabra Roxb., identified critical targets in renal transporters and gut microbiota, discovered bioactive flavonoid markers for quality control, and provided theoretical support for its clinical application and drug development.
研究领域:
药理学
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民族药理学
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植物化学
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微生物学
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肾脏病学
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代谢性疾病
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
MOLECULES
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2020
·Vol. 25
·期 20
·4728
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IF 3.267
Dan Zheng,Yi-Ting Ruan,Zhong-Ping Yin,Qing-Feng Zhang
Astilbin and neoastilbin are two flavonoid stereoisomers. In the present study, their solubility, stability, and bioavailability were compared in a rat. The results revealed that the water solubility of astilbin and neoastilbin was 132.72 μg/mL and 217.16 μg/mL, respectively. The oil–water distribution coefficient (log P) of astilbin and neoastilbin in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was 1.57 and 1.39, and in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was 1.09 and 0.98, respectively. In SIF, about 78.6% astilbin remained after 4 h of incubation at 37 °C, while this value was 88.3% for neoastilbin. Most of the degraded astilbin and neoastilbin were isomerized into their cis-trans-isomer, namely neoisoastilbin and isoastilbin, respectively, and the decomposed parts were rare. For bioavailability comparison in a rat, an HPLC method for trace amounts of astilbin and neoastilbin determination in plasma was developed, and the pretreatment of plasma was optimized. A pharmacokinetic study showed that the absolute bioavailability of astilbin and neoastilbin in a rat showed no significant difference with values of 0.30% and 0.28%, respectively.Keywords:astilbin;neoastilbin;solubility;stability;bioavailability
研究领域:
药理学
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药物化学
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PubMed
高影响因子
Food Chemistry-X
·
2022
·
IF 6.443
Youjiao Wu,Lili He,Yi Yang,Zhigang Yan,Zhifeng Zhang,Xiaojun Yao,Pei Luo
Smilax glabra Roxb. (SG) is widely used as functional food with various beneficial effects. Fresh SG without processing has been eaten directly for anti-inflammation from ancient China, while the underlying mechanism remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of fresh SG by using metabolites profiles, affinity ultrafiltration mass spectrometry, PDE4 enzyme inhibition assay, and in silico analysis. Encouragingly, fresh SG showed promising anti-inflammatory effect with IC 50 value (0.009 μg/μL) on PDE4 was about 12 times higher than that of processed SG (0.110 μg/μL). Astilbin was identified as the main bioactive compound of fresh SG responsible for PDE4 inhibitory activity. We found that heat processing strongly affected astilbin isomerization, leading to significant changes in contents and PDE4 inhibitory activities of four astilbin isomers, resulting in decreased anti-inflammatory activity of fresh SG. This finding will provide theoretical basis for systematic research and food/nutraceutical applications of fresh Smilax glabra in the future.
研究领域:
药理学
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食品科学
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植物化学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
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2026
·
IF 6.8
Sheng-Ya Guo,Yong Zhang,Xing-Hui Chen,Yi-Wen Zhang,Bing-Bing Cao,Shi-Chang Zhu,Dao-Zong Xia
Ethnopharmacological relevance Smilax glabra Roxb. (taxonomically verified via http://www.theplantlist.org , accessed December 17, 2025), commonly known as “Tu fuling” in China, is a well-recognized traditional Chinese herb extensively used for detoxification, dampness relief, and diuresis. Our previous research has demonstrated that Smilax glabra flavonoids extract (SGF) alleviate lead (Pb)-induced renal damage. However, the protective effects of SGF against Pb-induced neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity remain largely uninvestigated, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Aim of the study To reveal the potential protective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of SGF against Pb-induced neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity, a lead poisoned zebrafish model was utilized. Materials and methods Zebrafish were randomly divided into four groups: (a) control group (no treatment); (b) Pb group (exposed to 80 μM lead acetate); (c) positive control group (Pb + DMSA group: first exposed to 80 μM lead acetate, then separately exposed to 15.6 μg/mL DMSA); (d) Pb + SGF groups (first exposed to 80 μM lead acetate, then separately exposed to SGF at 31.2, 62.5, or 125 μg/mL). All zebrafish were subjected to the respective sequential treatments for 4 consecutive days. Results Our results showed that SGF significantly reduced Pb content in zebrafish. SGF treatment markedly alleviated a series of adverse effects induced by Pb exposure in zebrafish, including trunk curvature, shortened body length, peripheral motor neuron damage, myelin and axonal injury, neuronal apoptosis, neurobehavioral impairment, and anemia. Moreover, SGF treatment led to a significant decrease in ROS levels in Pb-exposed zebrafish. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that SGF significantly upregulated the mRNA expression levels of nerve protection-related genes ( shha , gfap , mbp , and huc ), memory-related genes ( ache and gdnf ), and antioxidant-related genes ( nrf2 and cat ). Conversely, SGF predominantly downregulated the mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes ( il1β , il6 , and tnfα ) and apoptosis-related genes ( caspase 3 , bax , and p53 ). Meanwhile, SGF treatment significantly reduced the phospho-p65/p65 protein ratio. Conclusion These results suggest that SGF may mitigate acute Pb-induced neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity, and these protective effects are associated with enhanced Pb excretion and the inhibition of Pb-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, the neuroprotective and memory-improving effects of SGF were observed in conjunction with the regulation of neurotrophic factors. Our findings highlight the potential pharmacological value of SGF in counteracting lead poisoning. However, given that the acute high-dose model does not fully recapitulate chronic low-dose human exposure, further validation in chronic models is essential before translational conclusions can be drawn.
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高影响因子
Food Bioscience
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2026
·
IF 6.2
Xi Hu,Ruxuan Tan,Xueling Qin,Qingyun He,Zhihua Huang,Lizhong Nong,Junwei Qin,Zhenqiang Wu
Hyperuricemia is associated with dietary purine intake, dysregulated purine metabolism, and impaired uric acid excretion. This study aimed to isolate multifunctional LAB from fermented foods and apply the selected strain to enhance the functional potential of Smilax glabra Roxb. fermentation. Among 79 isolates, 46 were identified as LAB. Limosilactobacillus fermentum R-9 showed efficient degradation of inosine, guanosine, and adenosine, while exhibiting favorable gastrointestinal tolerance and safety-related probiotic properties. Its survival rates after simulated gastric and intestinal digestion were 82.28% and 67.18%, respectively. Genomics revealed genes related to nucleoside hydrolysis, purine/pyrimidine transport, nucleotide salvage, starch utilization, α-glucan metabolism, and β-glucosidase-related glycoside transformation, supporting the dual potential of R-9 for purine metabolism and adaptation to starch-rich S. glabra . L. fermentum R-9 was further used to ferment Smilax glabra Roxb., a starch-rich medicinal and edible plant material containing flavonoid glycosides. After 4 days of fermentation, total phenolics increased from 0.384 to 0.572 mg GAE/mL, and total flavonoids increased from 2.11 to 3.02 mg RE/mL. Xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity increased from 16.58% to 70.81%, accompanied by enhanced DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities. Astilbin reached 59.75 μg/mL, increasing by 33.79%. Mechanistically, L. fermentum R-9 fermentation promoted acidification, amylase and β-glucosidase activities, starch matrix disruption, and flavonoid release. These findings highlight L. fermentum R-9 as a promising starter for developing fermented Smilax glabra Roxb. products with enhanced antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential.
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高影响因子
Journal of Inflammation Research
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2026
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IF 4.6
Chenxi Wu,Xinru Xu,Yueyue Shi,Cantao Li,Fenfen Li,Ziye Xu,Liangxin Chen,Wenjing Xu,Yihuan Wang,Xiaoxi Zhang,Daozong Xia
Objective Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis (GA). This study aimed to investigate whether standardized extract of flavonoids from Smilax glabra Roxb. (SFSG) alleviates GA by targeting NETs formation and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms involving neutrophil-driven inflammation and signaling pathways.Methods SFSG’s effects were evaluated in a monosodium urate (MSU)-induced GA model. Neutrophil depletion (via mAb 1A8 antibody) validated their pathogenic role. SFSG was administered for 7 days to assess joint swelling, histopathology (HE staining), neutrophil infiltration (immunohistochemistry), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-8, measured by ELISA). In MSU and PMA-stimulated neutrophils, SFSG (0–200 μg/mL, non-toxic by CCK8) was tested for NETs formation (immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy), oxidative stress (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, Raf/ERK signaling, and citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) (Western blotting).Results Neutrophil depletion significantly alleviated MSU-induced joint inflammation, confirming neutrophils as key drivers of GA pathology. SFSG treatment dose-dependently suppressed MSU-induced joint inflammation in vivo. Notably, the high dose inhibited ankle swelling by ~66% (reducing it from 58.36% to 19.75%), matching the efficacy of colchicine. Concomitant reductions in neutrophil infiltration and IL-1β/IL-8 levels were also observed. Additionally, SFSG attenuated PADI4 and NOX2 gene expression. In vitro, SFSG inhibited NETs formation, ROS production, and LDH release while downregulating Raf/ERK signaling and CitH3 expression.Conclusion SFSG alleviates GA progression by targeting neutrophil-driven inflammation and NETs formation through suppression of Raf/ERK signaling and CitH3 expression, thereby demonstrating its potential as a phytotherapeutic agent for neutrophil-associated pathologies.
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高影响因子
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
·
2018
·
IF 3.457
Siwei Wang,Yuejuan Fang,Xinfen Yu,Lu Guo,Xiaoxi Zhang,Daozong Xia
Uric acid metabolic disorder is considered to be the main pathogenesis of uric acid nephropathy (UN). Smilax glabra Roxb. is a traditional Chinese herb which has been used in the treatment of gout, but the mechanism was unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction from rhizomes of Smilax glabra Roxb. (SGF) on uric acid nephropathy rats and its underlying mechanisms of promoting uric acid excretion. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were induced by high purine diet (yeast pellets + adenine) for 5 weeks. Rats were orally treated with SGF or allopurinol daily. The biochemical parameters and enzymes in different treated rats were determined by commercial kits. Kidney pathology was visualized using optical microscopy and electron microscopy. Renal inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. Renal fibrosis factors and uric acid transporters were analyzed by real time RT-PCR and western blot. The results showed that SGF significantly improved kidney function. Histopathologic examination revealed that urate-induced renal damage was markedly reversed by SGF. Meanwhile, SGF treatment was also found to significantly inhibit renal oxidative stress. SGF treatment obviously suppressed the inflammatory factors of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the profibrotic factors of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) expression in UN rats. Moreover, SGF either significantly inhibited uric acid production or promoted uric acid excretion in UN rats. The mechanism of SGF promoting uric acid excretion was related to its increase of ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2), organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), organic anion transporters 2 (OCT2) and organic cation/carnitine transporters 2 (OCTN2) expression. In conclusion, SGF could ameliorate renal oxidative stress and inflammation in UN rats through promoting uric acid excretion.
研究领域:
药理学
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肾病学
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中医
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
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