In this study, dense polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/Sn 1− x
Ga
x
P 2 O 7 ( x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) inorganic–organic composite electrolytes were prepared. The result of SEM images indicates that all the composite electrolytes are sufficiently uniform and dense. The conductivities which is given consideration to the influence of Ga 3+ doping level increase in the order: σ ( x = 0.20) < σ ( x = 0.15) < σ ( x = 0.10) < σ ( x = 0.05). The highest conductivity 1.9 × 10 −2 S cm −1 is observed for PTFE/Sn 1− x
Ga
x
P 2 O 7 ( x = 0.05) in wet O 2 at 225 °C. The H 2 /O 2 fuel cells using PTFE/Sn 1− x
Ga
x
P 2 O 7 ( x = 0.05, 0.10) as electrolytes generate the maximum power densities of 63 mW cm −2 for x = 0.05 and 36.3 mW cm −2 for x = 0.10 at 150 °C, respectively.
YuChen Wu,JiaJia Li,ZhiTeng Wang,Chao Wan,Zhiqiang Liu,Zhenhe Zhu,HuiXin Lan,Hui Li
Tin-based anodes exhibit high capacities, rendering them suitable for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, their practical use is hindered by their extreme swelling and rapid fading. Moreover, traditional synthesis methods for SnP 2 O 7 , which is a promising tin-based system, involve several limitations such as toxic solvents, complex procedure, high energy consumption, and hazardous phosphorus reagents. Herein, we overcame these limitations using a simple method involving a deep eutectic solvent based on polyethylene glycol and SnCl 4 ·5 H 2 O. Phytic acid serves as a benign phosphorus source and a chelating agent that locks Sn 2 + /Sn 4+ into a rigid Sn–O–P scaffold. The special properties of the material mitigate the structural damage caused by lithium-ion deintercalation during charging and discharging. SnP 2 O 7 /C retains 729 mAh g −1 after 300 cycles at 0.2 A g −1 (retention = 99.4 %) and 515 mAh g −1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g −1 , considerably surpassing those of SnO 2 /C and SSS/C(Sn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 / SnP 2 O 7 / SnO 2 ). The proposed synthesis method is cost-effective, scalable, and green. Moreover, the main mechanism of this route, i.e., phytic acid chelation, offers a long-lasting solution to the long-standing problems of tin-based anode materials for LIBs.
Catalytic conversion of concentrated carbohydrates and raw biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), an important and value-added platform chemical, is highly desirable for industrial applications but challenging. In this work, the tin pyrophosphate-oxide (SnP2O7–SnO2) catalyst has been designed to efficiently produce HMF from various concentrated carbohydrates and raw biomass. Especially, a high HMF yield of 67.8% was implemented over the SPC4 catalyst from concentrated glucose (36 wt %) in a biphasic solvent system of water and methyl isobutyl ketone. Moreover, the SPC4 catalyst disclosed a wide range of universality for converting various concentrated carbohydrates and raw biomass to HMF with satisfactory yields (45.9–79.5%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of accomplishing appreciable HMF yields from carbohydrates and raw biomass at such a high substrate concentration. It has been demonstrated that the superior catalytic performance of the catalyst should originate from its balanced Lewis and Brønsted acidity and superhydrophilicity property. This work invents a highly promising heterogeneous catalyst for efficiently valorizing renewable lignocellulose-related compounds into versatile furans.
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