Shufang Yang,Xiaoxue Jiang,Ruoxuan Xu,Yanyan Zhang,Rongxia Liu
Syzygium aromaticum is an aromatic plant that has been widely introduced to tropical regions worldwide. S. aromaticum bud (SAB), as a valuable spice, has been used for centuries, owing to its exceptional health benefits and economic value. The fruit of S. aromaticum (SAF) is not a commonly used component and its phytochemical properties and bioactivities have seldom been analyzed. Herein, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with feature-based molecular networking analysis was applied to characterize the phytochemical constituents of these two parts individually. The bioactivities of SAB and SAF were innovatively evaluated, including their hypolipidemic activity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, anti-inflammatory activity on RAW264.7 cells, and anti-proliferative activity on vascular smooth muscle cells. Initially, 75 components from SAB and SAF extracts were identified. Subsequently, activity experiments indicated that both SAB and SAF extracts showed significant activities in these cell types. Intriguingly, they showed similar hypolipidemic effects but different anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects. Then, 14 differential markers were screened for further quantitative analysis to explore the material basis for the difference in bioactivity between SAB and SAF. Finally, using correlation analysis, 10 compounds were identified as biomarkers that contributed to the difference in activity between SAB and SAF. These results suggest that SAF is rich in natural metabolites, showing potential as a natural plant component with hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects. This study could contribute to the targeted selection of different parts of S. aromaticum and serve as a foundation for the development and utilization of SAF.
Henan Li,Shan Jiang,Xinyu Yang,Yannan Sun,Lei Yang
HS-LWMD integrates homogenization, CaCl₂-mediated conditioning and microwave heating. • Low-water operation avoids bulk free-liquid heating during microwave distillation. • Active heating time fell 85.3% versus homogenization-assisted hydrodistillation. • Nominal active-heating energy fell 80.6% versus the hydrodistillation reference. • HS-LWMD retained a eugenol-rich relative GC–MS peak-area profile. A homogenization-assisted salt-mediated low-water microwave distillation (HS-LWMD) route was developed to intensify essential oil recovery from dried clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ) buds by coupling mechanical tissue disruption, salt-mediated moisture conditioning, and volumetric microwave heating. Single-factor experiments were used to screen homogenizer speed and time, salt type and concentration, soaking time, microwave power, and irradiation time; microwave power and time were subsequently optimized by central composite design. The CCD-predicted conditions were 0.34 mol L −1 CaCl₂, homogenization at 22,000 r/min for 5 min, salt-mediated soaking for 3 h, 594.4 W, and 26.4 min. The predicted oil yield was 87.99 mL kg −1 DW and the verified yield was 85.92 ± 0.65 mL kg −1 DW. Relative to homogenization-assisted hydrodistillation, the active heating stage decreased from 180 to 26.4 min, while the nominal active-heating energy, calculated from rated power and active heating time rather than measured electrical consumption, decreased from 4.86 to 0.942 MJ per batch. First-order kinetics described the microwave extraction curves slightly better than the second-order model. GC–MS showed that HS-LWMD oil retained a characteristic eugenol-rich relative GC–MS peak-area profile, with eugenol (59.93%), β-caryophyllene (24.10%), and eugenyl acetate (4.97%) as major constituents. The results demonstrate that integrating homogenization, salt-mediated pretreatment, drainage of excess liquid, and microwave activation can intensify the energy-demanding distillation stage while retaining the characteristic relative GC–MS peak-area profile of clove oil. Download: Download high-res image (118KB) Download: Download full-size image
Clove oil and citronella oil from China were selected to evaluate their potential as skin-care ingredients. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results showed that the main component of clove oil was eugenol, while citronellal was the main compound of citronella oil. Clove oil exhibited prominent free radical scavenging activities (ic
50: 58 μg/mL for O2
−· and 8.5 μg/mL for ABTS+·) and strong inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation, whilst citronella oil showed weaker antioxidative activities (ic
50: 150 μg/mL for O2
−· and 500 μg/mL for ABTS+·) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory efficiency. In addition, both oils revealed dose-dependence in protecting bovine serum albumin against UV–TiO2–NO2
− induced protein oxidation and tyrosine nitration injury. This study suggests that both clove oil and citronella oil could be used as new source of skin-care ingredient in the cosmetic industry.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）