Defence Technology
·
2021
·
IF 3.172
Song Zhang,Le-wu Zhan,Guang-kai Zhu,Yi-yi Teng,Yu Shan,Jing Hou,Li Bin-dong
Nano-TATB was developed in microchannels by physical method and chemical method, respectively. The effects of total flow rate, number of microreactor plates, solvent/non-solvent ratio and temperature on the particle size of TATB in the physical method were studied. Prepared TATB were characterized by Nano Sizer, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Specific surface aperture analyzer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The results show that the TATB obtained by physical method and chemical method are spherical, with average particle size of 130.66 nm and 108.51 nm, respectively. Specific surface areas of TATB obtained by physical and chemical methods are 21.37 m 2 /g and 21.91 m 2 /g, respectively. Compared with the specific surface area of micro-TATB (0.0808 m 2 /g), the specific surface area of nano-TATB is significantly increased. DSC test results show that the smaller the particle size of TATB, the lower the thermal decomposition temperature. In addition, by simulating the mixing state of fluid in microchannels and combining with the classical nucleation theory, the mechanism of preparing nano-TATB by microchannels was proposed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
爆炸物研究
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Energetic Materials Frontiers
·
2024
·
IF 3.3
Xian-zhi Zhou,Cheng-cheng Zeng,Zi-jian Li,Gang Li,Sheng-jun Zheng,Fu-De Nie
Interfacial strength is a key factor affecting the mechanical properties of materials. This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of energetic polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) by modifying 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trintrobenzene (TATB) crystals—a typical energetic material—using 2-ureido-41H-6-methyl-pyrimidinone (UPy) derivatives with strong hydrogen-bonding interactions. Specifically, strongly adhesive polydopamine (PDA) was employed to graft UPy-functionalized molecules with isocyanate groups (–NCO) and hydroxyl groups (–OH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate that TATB crystals became rougher after being coated with PDA, while the introduction of UPy did not affect the surface morphology. The presence of urethane bond peaks in the samples indicates that UPy-NCO was successfully grafted onto the PDA. UPy is essentially nonpolar and is prone to bind with binders, having the potential to improve the creep resistance of PBXs. Due to the strong interfacial enhancement by UPy and PDA, the tensile strength and compressive strength of the sample grafted with 1 wt% UPy significantly increased by 35.6 % and 26.5 %, respectively. Theoretical calculations indicate interfacial enhancement by UPy introduction, where the strong hydrogen bonding may produce a positive impact. The successful introduction of UPy modified the nature of TATB and improved its interfacial strength, finally enhancing the mechanical properties of the PBXs. The conditions for the grafting reaction in this study are mild and universal and thus can be applied to other compositions.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
爆炸物研究
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2023
·Vol. 48
·期 9
·e202300048
·
IF 1.8
Yunyan Guo,Jinqiang Zhou,Shujie Liu,Chongwei An,Jingyu Wang,Bidong Wu
Passive micromixers are widely used in the preparation of ultrafine explosives because of their efficient mixing and necessary safety. A novel passive micromixer was designed to prepare nano-TATB. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the opening width (K), fluid velocity and mixing performance of the micromixer. The results show that the proposed micromixer has good mixing performance in the Reynolds number (Re) range of 0.1~100, and its pressure drop less than 28204 Pa at Re=100. A microfluidic recrystallization system was established and nano-TATB was prepared by a new micromixer. The results show that the average particle size of the prepared TATB is 93.12 nm, and the particle size distribution ranges from 43 nm to 151.4 nm. The SEM test shows that TATB has better morphological characteristics. XRD results show that the crystal structure of TATB is consistent with that of raw materials. This study proves that the new micromixer has good mixing effect and the feasibility of preparing nano TATB. It also provides reference for the design of micromixer and refinement of other energetic materials.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
爆炸物合成
·
计算流体力学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Shengjun Zheng,Chengcheng Zeng,Jianhu Zhang,Yajun Luo,Feiyan Gong,Fude Nie
Improving the interfacial interaction between explosive crystals and the polymeric binder was essential for enhancing the mechanical properties of polymer bonded explosives (PBXs). In this study, the surface of the 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) crystal was initially coated with a polydopamine (PDA) layer, which served as an active platform for anchoring the 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide as an ATRP initiator; then, the co-polymer chains composed of Acrylonitrile(AN), 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were grown through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) from the surface of TATB modified with ATRP initiator. The formation of the PDA, ATRP initiator and polymer brush coating layer on the surface of TATB was confirmed through SEM, TEM, XPS and contact angle tests. After incorporating a rigid-flexible gradient interface structure composed of PDA and polymer brush layer, the PBXs exhibited enhanced mechanical strength and creep resistance. Compared with the pristine TATB-based PBXs, the static mechanical properties, including tensile and compressive strength, of TATB@PDA@PAN-co-PHEMA-co-PDMAEMA based PBXs were increased by 36.7% and 23.9%, respectively. The maximum creep strain decreased by 39.4% at 30 °C and 14.6% at 75 °C. Additionally, the coefficient of thermal expansion decreased by 8.37%. This study presents an universal method for enhancing the mechanical properties of PBX by integrating PDA chemistry with SI-ATRP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
·
2025
·
IF 4
Yang Jia,Jian-Bo Chen,Xiaolin Fu,Zhenxing Cui,Siqi Zhuang,Ling Chen,Bo Jin,Yu Liu
1,3,5-trinamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) as an important insensitive high explosive has excellent safety performance due to strong hydrogen bonds. Ionic impurities including sulfate ions (SO 4 2− ), nitrate ions (NO 3 − ) and chloride ions (Cl − ) formed during the preparation of TATB have negative effects on TATB-based explosives. However, strong hydrogen bonds result in extremely low solubility of TATB in traditional solvents, which poses a huge obstacle to extract and detect the impurities in TATB for quality control. In this study, a green extraction method based deep eutectic solvent (CS-1) was firstly developed for the extraction of trace impurities in TATB. After the dissolution of TATB in CS-1 solvent, water (H 2 O) was used as a green hydrogen bond donor to differentiate the solubility between TATB and its ionic impurities. Through the above strategy, TATB was efficiently removed and the impurities were selectively extracted in CS-1 solvent. Meanwhile, Ca(OH) 2 as a precipitant was investigated to eliminate the background interference of F − ions in CS-1 solvent through forming the precipitate of CaF 2 . Further, the extraction of deep eutectic solvent was combined with ion chromatography (IC) to develop an analytical method for trace impurities. This method displays excellent separation, high sensitivity and good repeatability toward four ionic impurities (Cl − , NO 2 − , NO 3 − and SO 4 2− ). Compared to traditional methods (DMSO method and oxygen flask combustion method) with low extraction ability, indirect detection and dangerous pretreatment, this method provides direct, convenient and accurate detection of anionic impurities in TATB, and displays better application for quality control of TATB.
研究领域:
化学
·
分析化学
·
爆炸物科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Surfaces and Interfaces
·
2024
·
IF 5.7
Shengjun Zheng,Chengcheng Zeng,Feiyan Gong,Chunhui Xing,Long Lv,Zhijian Yang,Yajun Luo,Fude Nie
Improvement of mechanical properties of 1, 3, 5-triamino-2, 4, 6-trintrobenzene (TATB) based polymer bonded explosives (PBX) is extremely desirable but still a big challenge. In this study, surface confinement and interfacial strengthening strategies were used to enhance the mechanical properties of TATB-based PBX. Firstly, TATB crystals were coated with a polydopamine (PDA) layer. Subsequently, various amounts (0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 wt%) of neutral polymeric bonding agent (NPBA) were grafted onto the PDA layer using 2,4-toluene diisocyanate as a molecular bridge. The results showed that the modified TATB composites-based PBX exhibited improved mechanical strength, as well as creep resistance properties compared to the raw TATB-based PBX. The modified TATB composites-based PBX with 0.5 wt% NPBA grafting content exhibited the highest mechanical strength and creep resistance due to the surface confinement effect of the rigid crosslinked PDA layer and interfacial strengthening effect of the NPBA layer. Present work might provide a promising strategy for synergistically improving the mechanical properties of TATB-based PBX.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 15.1
Jianquan Jing,Fubing Gao,Huanhuan Liu,Songchao Shi,Hongbiao Huo,Chenyang Li,Chongwei An
Recently, the continuously preparation of molding powder with good flowability has attracted much attention in energetic materials field (EMs), however, the traditional preparation process is inadequate. In this paper, a device that can continuously prepare large-scale energetic composite microspheres was designed and built, and the preparation of TATB-based energetic particles was realized, which has greatly improved the impact sensitivity and mechanical property (Impact energy are 58 ∼ 65 J, increased by 16%∼30%; Compression stress and strain of the PBX increased by 52.04% and 60.81%). SEM reveals that as the composition of the binder’s changes, the particle morphology exhibits several intriguing patterns. Meanwhile, TATB's crystal structure and excellent thermal stability have been preserved through pipe-stream self-assembly technique. This preparation procedure, which has a broad range of potential applications, can also be used to generate energetic particles of different Explosive @ Binder systems and even functional spherical materials in other domains.
研究领域:
爆炸物材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
·
2022
·
IF 4.889
Song Zhang,Le-wu Zhan,Guang-kai Zhu,Yi-yi Teng,Xin-guang Wu,Jing Hou,Bin-dong Li
Recently, to prepare energetic materials (EMs) with high energy and low sensitivity has attracted much attention in the field of EMs research. However, the safe and efficient manners to prepare such EMs are still limited. In this work, a continuous microfluidic self-assembly method was developed to prepare TATB/HMX composite particles, which has great safety performances (H 50 = 64.6 cm, friction sensitivity = 0 %) and detonation properties (detonation velocity 8375 m/s, ρ = 1.780 g/cm 3 ). The XRD and SEM results show that in-situ generated nano-TATB (mass fraction 10 %) is not only bonded to the surface of HMX, but also embed in the crystal. Furthermore, this method realizes the continuous and stable preparation of TATB/HMX composite particles within 80 min. We anticipate that this work will inspire new perspectives for the preparation of insensitive high-energy explosives.
研究领域:
含能材料
·
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
炸药技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2025
·
IF 7.5
Hou Conghua,Li Jingyu,Jia Xueru,Ma Jingjing,Zhang Haozhe,Luo Yuhang
RDX (Royal Demolition Explosive) is renowned for its exceptional explosive performance, yet it is prone to combustion and explosion when exposed to open flames, high temperatures, vibrations, impacts, and friction. Addressing these challenges is essential for the practical application of RDX. Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to calculate the binding energies of composite particle models with varying ratios of TATB/RDX/PVAc, revealing that the TATB/RDX/PVAc (40/55/5) combination exhibited significantly higher binding energies, indicating optimal system stability. Experimental findings indicated that the optimal processing conditions are a polymerization temperature of 60 °C, a stirring rate of 350 r/min, and an initiator dosage of 1 wt%. Consequently, TATB/RDX/PVAc/GO microspheres with uniform and dense morphology were successfully synthesized. Through the calculation and comparison of thermal decomposition kinetic parameters, it was determined that the thermal explosion critical temperature of RDX in composite particles is elevated by 4.27 °C and 2.97 °C compared to pure RDX, with the T p0 value increased by 5.5 °C and 3.85 °C, respectively. For TATB in composite particles, the thermal explosion critical temperature was raised to 21.51 °C and 17.79 °C, with the T p0 value enhanced by 22.96 °C and 18.56 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the critical impact sensitivity (55 J) is 4.5 times greater than that of refinement RDX (12 J), and the critical friction sensitivity (288 N) is twice that of refinement RDX (144 N). The results demonstrate that TATB/RDX/PVAc/GO energetic composite microspheres, prepared via the Pickering emulsion polymerization method, possess excellent thermal stability and mechanical blunt sensitivity, providing a theoretical foundation for the broad application of RDX.
研究领域:
含能材料
·
高分子化学
·
炸药工程
·
材料科学
·
化学物理
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Chemistry
·
2025
·
IF 6.7
Penglin Kang,Changgui Song,Fengze Cai,Jinbo Guo,Wenjie Liu,Xiaodong Li
To enhance the safety of high-energy explosives while maintaining high energy output, HMX/TATB composite particles were fabricated using a coaxial flow focusing droplet method. Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) were employed as the binder system. The effects of varying TATB mass fractions on the morphology, particle size, thermal behavior, chemical structure, mechanical sensitivity, fluidity, ignition and combustion characteristics, and detonation performance of the composite particles were systematically investigated. The results revealed that with increasing TATB content, the particle morphology gradually transitioned from spherical to bowl-shaped and ring-shaped, primarily due to the decrease in droplet viscosity. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed that the crystal structures of β-HMX and TATB remained stable without significant changes during the preparation process. As the TATB content increased, the composite materials exhibited delayed thermal decomposition and significantly improved impact safety, with the critical impact energy increasing by up to 900 %. Moreover, when the TATB mass fraction was 20 %, the composite particles exhibited optimal fluidity with a repose angle of 18.83°. Ignition tests and theoretical detonation calculations demonstrated that as the TATB content increased, the composite particles transitioned from combustion to thermal decomposition, thereby significantly enhancing thermal safety while maintaining a high detonation energy output. This study offers a theoretical foundation and technical pathway for designing high-energy materials that achieve a balance between energy density and safety performance.
研究领域:
含能材料
·
炸药安全性
·
微滴制备
·
复合粒子合成
·
热分析
·
爆轰物理
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Energetic Materials Frontiers
·
2023
·
IF 0
Shao-cong Deng,Ya-jun Luo,Yan-zhou Qu,Xin-ru Yang,Zhi-jian Yang,Xu Zhao,Yi-ding Liu,Fu-de Nie
To improve the mechanical properties of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3,5-triamine (TATB)-based polymer bonded explosives (PBXs), four kinds of polythiourea binders, namely the polyetherthiourea (P1), aliphatic polythiourea (P2), aromatic polythiourea (P3) and silane polythiourea (P4), were prepared and used in the PBXs. These four polythioureas were synthesized via the copolymerization of carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) and diamines with various structures under mild conditions. They were then characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The interfacial binding energy between polythioureas and TATB was calculated via molecular dynamics simulations. The tensile and compression mechanical properties of various PBXs (PBX-P n , n = 1–4) were studied through Brazilian and compression tests and were then compared with those of the PBX with a conventional fluoro polymer binder (PBX-FP). The results show that the PBX-P1 possessed the strongest interfacial interaction energy and the best mechanical properties among all the prepared PBXs. Its Brazilian strength and strain was 11.0 MPa and 0.56%, which was 89% and 256% higher than those of the PBX-FP with the same binder proportion, respectively. Furthermore, PBX-P1 showed excellent compression mechanical properties, with a compression strength of 40.7 MPa and a compression strain of 3.53%. Moreover, its Brazilian and compression fracture energy was 600% and 101% higher than those of PBX-FP, respectively, which was beneficial for improving the PBX stability. The results of this study provide a new idea for designing TATB-based PBX with improved mechanical properties using polyetherthiourea binders.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物工程
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
POLYMER
·
2026
·
IF 5.1
Sheng Zhong,Sheng-Jun Zheng,Li-Ping Pan,Fei-Yan Gong,Cheng-Cheng Zeng,Fu-De Nie
The mechanical properties of PBXs are critical to weapon system safety and reliability. In this work, two novel urea-thiourea copolymers (DADO-IPDI and DADO-HMDI) were designed and synthesized via a mild two-step reaction, as alternative binders of fluoropolymer-based TATB-PBXs. These copolymers integrate urea, thiourea and ether linkages, with favorable thermal stability ( T d, 5% >200 °C) and processable glass transition temperatures (76.3 °C and 60.3 °C). Compared with conventional fluoropolymers, they exhibit higher surface energy and polar components, improving wettability and adhesion to TATB crystals. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of PBX-1 and PBX-2 based on DADO-HMDI and DADO-IPDI are significantly enhanced. In particular, PBX-2 achieves an exceptional Brazilian tensile strength up to 8.77 MPa, which is 53% higher than that of fluoropolymer-based PBX-F (5.75 MPa). The compressive strengths of both PBX-1 and PBX-2 exceed 52 MPa, representing an improvement of more than 82% compared with PBX-F (28.16 MPa). Meanwhile, PBX-2 presents a low maximum creep strain of 5.1 × 10 −5 at 60 °C and 7 MPa, a 74.5% reduction relative to PBX-F (2.0 × 10 −5 ). The performance enhancement arises from the dense multiple hydrogen-bonding interactions at the binder–TATB interface, which enable efficient stress transfer, suppress interfacial debonding, and result in a dominant transgranular fracture mode. This study validates the efficacy of the newly developed binders for PBX reinforcement, and provides a promising strategy for advancing the mechanical properties of high-solid-loading energetic composites.
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DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）