UPLC-HRMS/MS-based metabolomics for exploring bongkrekic acid formation in wet rice noodles fermented by Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans
Non-targeted metabolomics was employed to analyze metabolites in wet rice noodles fermented by Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans (BGC) to explore the potential formation of bongkrekic acid (BA). Three groups were incubated for 72 h: the pathogenic strain BGC 83756-inoculated group, the non-pathogenic strain Burkholderia gladioli (BG) 10574-inoculated group, and a blank control (BK) group. Metabolite dynamics were monitored using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS/MS). BA was not detected in either the BK group or the BG 10574-fermented group during incubation. In contrast, BA was first detected in the BGC 83756-inoculated group at 16 h of fermentation and reached a concentration of approximately 4,800 μg/kg in the late stages of culture. A total of 723 and 606 metabolites were identified in negative and positive ion modes, respectively. Differential metabolites, including BA, α-dimorphecolic acid, and calystegine B 5 , were significantly upregulated in the BGC 83756-fermented group compared to the BG 10574-fermented group. Conversely, sinapic acid, saccharopine, 2-methylbutyrylglycine, and 2-keto-6-acetamidocaproate were significantly downregulated. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the BA biosynthetic pathway generally aligned with the bon gene cluster predictions, except for β-branching events.
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