POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2022
·
IF 5.204
Shuang-Lin Hu,Ying-Ming Li,Wen-Juan Hu,Jose Hobson,De-Yi Wang
Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) composites with excellent flame retardancy and high mechanical property is a great challenge to its widely application. In present work, a highly efficient flame retardant (MA-DOPO) containing nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus elements was designed via a nucleophilic substitution reaction of amino and aldehyde groups. For the UPR/MA-DOPO 15 composites, its tensile strength was 28.3 MPa, which was 19.9 % higher than that of neat UPR attributing to the formation of hydrogen bonds with UPR. It should be noted that tensile strength of UPR/MA-DOPO 20 composites reached the highest 39.6 MPa, showing a growth trend with the enhancement of incorporation amount of MA-DOPO. Meanwhile, the UPR/MA-DOPO 15 composites passed the UL-94 V-0 rating with a LOI of 27.0%, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) were reduced by 35.1% and 41.6% in cone calorimeter (CC) test comparing to that of neat UPR respectively. Moreover, the detailed flame-retarding mechanism of MA-DOPO was investigated by the thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), Raman spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS), in which the releasement of inert gas in gas-phase and the catalytic carbonation in condensed phase jointly taking effect.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Tong-Yu Bai,Xiang-Xin Xiao,Guan-Qi Zheng,Qin Zhang,Zi-Ni Wang,Li Chen,Bo-Wen Liu,Yu-Zhong Wang
Polycarbonate is a widely used engineering plastic material, but its limited flame retardancy has restricted its application in high-end fields such as aviation and railways. In this study, we propose a novel copolymerization/macromolecular blending strategy to produce a high-performance, fire-safe polycarbonate composite. By copolymerizing with polydimethylsiloxane oligomer and blending with macromolecular polyarylate, the resulting PC-BPDMS 5 /PITR successfully achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and a high limiting oxygen index value of 34.2%. The peak heat release and total smoke release were significantly reduced by 45.2% and 27.4%, respectively, compared to pure PC. SEM, Raman, and XPS analyses confirmed the condensed-phase dominated flame-retardant mechanism, attributed to the char-forming ability of the polyarylate and polydimethylsiloxane segments. Polydimethylsiloxane segments can decompose to produce small molecules such as methane, and the left structure with silicon, which undergo cross-linking reactions with the substrate during combustion to promote char formation. The polyaromatic ring structure of PITR can also participate in the formation of a dense and stable char layer. The excellent compatibility between the polyarylate and the PC matrix, combined with the superior flexibility of polydimethylsiloxane, allowed the composite to maintain mechanical properties comparable to pure PC. Additionally, the increased molar volume resulted in a low dielectric constant for PC-BPDMS 5 /PITR. This work presents a promising approach for the development of high-performance polycarbonate composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
聚合物化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2015
·Vol. 26
·期 3
·255-265
·
IF 1.757
Xuan Zhou,Juan Li,Yonggang Wu
Aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) was introduced into polylactide/intumescent flame retardant (PLA/IFR) systems by melt blending. The flame retardant and thermal properties of the PLA composites were investigated. The results suggest that a synergistic effect exists between IFR and AHP on the char formation and anti-dripping behavior of PLA composites. The PLA/IFR composites containing 10 wt% IFR can pass the UL-94 V-0 rating but the test is accompanied by heavy melt dripping. For the PLA/AHP a UL-94 V-2 rating is obtained for the same loading of IFR. However, the composites containing 7 wt% IFR and 3 wt% AHP pass the UL-94 V-0 rating with modified dripping behavior. Moreover, the char from combustion of PLA/IFR is flexible but of poor quality. That for PLA/AHP is brittle with many cracks. In contrast, that for PLA/IFR/AHP is strong and compact. Thus it can resist the erosion due to heat and gas formation and protect the inside of the matrix. In addition, AHP causes the crosslinking among APP, which promotes the char formation and prevents the melt dripping. This is the main reason for the good flame retardant properties of PLA composites. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
阻燃材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
·
2017
·Vol. 52
·期 24
·13992-14003
·
IF 2.599
Xiao Fei,Wu Kun,Luo Fubin,Guo Yuyue,Zhang Shiheng,Du Xiangxiang,Zhu Qingqing,Lu Mangeng
In order to develop a highly efficient flame-retardant system, a phosphonate-based ionic liquid named 1-vinyl-3-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-propylimidazolium bromide (IL) was synthesized and introduced into epoxy resin (EP). With only 4 wt% loading, EP/IL composite passed UL-94 V-0 rating, and its limiting oxygen index value increased to 34.9% from 25.9% for neat epoxy resin. The char yield of EP/IL-2 (2 wt%) was improved by 58.3%, and its peak of heat release rate was reduced by 65% compared with that of neat EP. The reason is that the presence of IL promoted the forming of a compact and stable phosphorus-rich residual chars. Unlike traditional additive-type flame retardant, it is very interesting that the introduction of IL changed the color and transparency of EP few and enhanced mechanical property of neat EP remarkably. Owing to the excellent compatibility and steric effect between IL and EP matrix, tensile strength was increased to 108.6 MPa for EP/IL sample from 84.9 MPa for neat EP, indicating the outstanding reinforcement effect of IL on EP composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
·
2018
·
IF 3.468
Siyu Xia,Zhiyong Zhang,Yang Leng,Bin Li,Miaojun Xu
A novel polymeric mono-component intumescent flame retardant poly(piperazine methylphosphonic acid neopentylglycol ester) (PPMPNG) was synthesized from methylphosphonic acid, piperazine and neopentyl glycol. Its chemical structure was detailed characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13 C and 31 P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. PPMPNG was incorporated into polyethylene (PE) and the flame retardancy, thermal properties and flame retardant mechanism of materials were investigated. The samples with the thickness of 1.6 mm passed UL-94 V-0 rating during vertical burning tests and the limiting oxygen index was 25.6% when 23 wt% PPMPNG was introduced. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the addition of PPMPNG promoted the degradation and carbonization of materials at the beginning and improved the char residue amount and thermal stability of FR-PE at high temperature. Cone calorimeter tests indicated that the peak value of heat release rate was considerably reduced with the incorporation of PPMPNG. The flame retardant mechanism showed PPMPNG exerted isolation effect in condensed phased and quenched active free radical effect in gas phase. The combustion intensity was reduced and the flame was suppressed and even extinguished, thus a high efficiency for PE matrix was achieved.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Liwen Zheng,Jing Zhan,Jiahui Wang,Zhirong Xu,Xiaowei Mu
In recent years, flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has once again captured the scholars’ attention due to the growing the growing demands in the field of building energy efficiency. However, the inherent flammability of RPUF is high and the complexities of its flame-retardant mechanisms remain inadequately understood. In this study, a modified biomass material, amino starch phosphate ester was successfully synthesized which was then combined with expandable graphite (EG) and incorporated into RPUF. The research delved into the optimal ratio and minimal flame-retardant additive required to achieve the stringent UL-94 V-0 rating, while also thoroughly investigating the flame retardancy and thermal properties of the composite system. The findings revealed that with just 6 wt.% of flame retardants, the RPUF achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating, with a 41.1 % reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and a 23.7 % decrease in total heat release (THR). Additionally, it diminishes the flame's size and width, leading to quicker extinction, while also lowering the internal combustion temperature of the polyurethane, thereby delaying both preheating and combustion times. The synergistic interaction between amino starch phosphate ester and EG during combustion results in the formation of a dense, continuous char layer, effectively inhibiting the pyrolysis and combustion of RPUF. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of efficient flame-retardant systems for RPUF.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2021
·
IF 3.512
Yulin Ding,Yumiao Su,Jiajing Huang,Ting Wang,Min-Yu Li,Wenmu Li
Green and environment-friendly high-efficiency flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to polymer FR modification. Here, a green FR 2-((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAMPP) was synthesized. The HAMPP was incorporated with a cyclic phosphorus structure, which will readily carbonize to inhibit or prevent further combustion. Moreover, the HAMPP contains dihydroxy reactive groups that can be used as a monomer in the polymerization reaction to obtain the main chain containing phosphorus polymer. Research studies on FRs were based on flexible polyurethane foam (PU-HAMPPs). The limiting oxygen index value of PU foam with 10% HAMPP could reach 23.7%, passing a UL-94 V-0 rating together. With the addition of HAMPP, the peak heat release rate of PU foam decreased significantly, the decomposition temperature increased, the heat release capacity reduced by 31%, and the char yield increased by 42%. The chemical composition and morphology of the char residual have been studied and analyzed thoroughly. We find that HAMPP forms a molten viscous protective layer uniformly on the material surface and releases some incombustible gases. These indicated that the FR exploited both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. Besides, the addition of FRs improved the mechanical properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER BULLETIN
·
2020
·Vol. 78
·期 2
·643-662
·
IF 2.014
Yan Jiali,Xu Miaojun
Abstract A novel hyperbranched mono-component intumescent flame retardant poly(piperazine methylphosphonic acid pentaerythritol ester) defined as PPMPPE was synthesized, and its chemical structure was characterized. The individual PPMPPE was incorporated into polyethylene (PE), and the fire resistance, thermal properties and flame retardant mechanism of PE composites were investigated in detail. The 1.6-mm PE/PPMPPE sheets fulfilled UL-94 V-0 level during vertical burning tests, and the limiting oxygen index was 25.3% when the loading amount of PPMPPE was 22 wt%. PPMPPE was completely melted, and the expanded char layer was generated on heating. The addition of PPMPPE stimulated the degradation and charring of PE composites in advance and improved the residual mass and thermal stability of FR-PE at high temperature. The cone calorimeter tests verified that the heat release rate and total heat release of PE/PPMPPE composites were obviously declined. PPMPPE exerted shielding effect in condensed phased and quenching active free radicals in the gas phase. The flame was constrained and even extinguished. Thus, PE composites fulfilled superior flame retardant properties. Graphic abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
阻燃材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Xiaoyu Zhang,Bo Liu,Shanzhe Li,Chunling Zhang
It is of great significance to enhance the fire safety of epoxy resins (EP), especially to reduce the release of heat and smoke. Therefore, in this work, flame retardants PNIM and PNDA were prepared and introduced into EP to achieve the effective suppression of heat and smoke. EP/DDM/PNDA-10 can self-extinguish quickly, achieving the V-0 rating as well as the LOI value of 34.3%. Compared with the Control EP, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) of EP/DDM/PNDA-10 decreased by 68.7%, 36.2% and 35.7%, respectively. It can be attributed to the P/N synergistic flame retardant effect. During the combustion process, PNIM and PNDA can promote the formation of a dense carbon layer containing phosphorus and nitrogen, retain pyrolysis products in the condensed phase, and simultaneously inhibit the transfer of heat and oxygen. In addition, the PO· and PO 2 · free radicals produced by the decomposition of flame retardants can capture the active free radicals in the air, thereby interrupting the combustion reaction. Simultaneously, non-flammable gases, such as N 2 and NH 3 were released, which diluted the concentration of combustible volatiles and oxygen and enhanced the gas phase flame-retardant effect. Furthermore, EP/DDM/PNIM-10 exhibited excellent mechanical properties, with tensile strength and impact strength increasing by 33.1% and 131.4%. In general, this work provides an approach to developing a phosphonitrile flame retardant with broad applications in high-performance EP.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
消防安全工程
·
化学合成
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 140
·期 44
·e54608
·
IF 3
Song Wang,Lingchen Meng,Qi Chen,Sanxi Li,Ailing Zhang
The synthesis and application of the bio-derived flame retardant can meet the current requirements for the high-efficient and sustainable development of flame retardants. Therefore, using phytic acid (PA), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and piperazine as raw materials, a PA-derived flame retardant (PAPDOPO) was prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques were applied to characterize the structure of the PAPDOPO. In the prepared flame-retardant epoxy resin (FEP), PAPDOPO showed high flame retardancy. When 4% PAPDOPO was added into epoxy resin (EP), the prepared FEP (EP-PAPD-4) passed the V-0 level in the UL-94 test, and the limited oxygen index value of EP-PAPD-4 reached 35.3%. Microcombustion calorimetry test was also applied to demonstrate the performance of PAPDOPO. The peak heat release rate of EP-PAPD-4 was reduced by 30.4% compared with that of the pure EP. Due to the low addition amount of PAPDOPO in FEP, the mechanical properties of the FEP using PAPDOPO as flame retardant were hardly decreased compared with pure EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Zhipeng Zhang,Yao Yin,Kai Liang,Ranzhao Shen,Xu Fan,Bihe Yuan
The high flammability and severe dripping behavior of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) limit its widespread application. It remains a persistent challenge to enhance the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of EVA composites while maintaining their tensile properties. In this study, a microencapsulated P/N/B-based flame retardant, referred to as MBPAPP, was synthesized via a one-pot method. The flame retardant consists of a melamine-boric acid composite (MA-BA, shell) and piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP, core). At a loading of 20 wt% MBPAPP, EVA/MBPAPP composite achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping. In the cone calorimetry test, compared with EVA/PAPP, EVA/MBPAPP exhibits reductions in the peak heat release rate (50.5 %), total heat release (16.9 %), total smoke production (17.1 %), and the peak of CO content (52.5 %). This is attributed to the fact that EVA/MBPAPP forms a boron-containing char layer composed of B-O and B-N structures, contributing to the enhancement of compactness and thermal stability. Moreover, compared with PAPP, microencapsulation enhances the compatibility between modified MBPAPP and EVA, mitigating the deterioration of tensile properties in the composite.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2024
·Vol. 14
·期 12
·8204-8213
·
IF 3.9
Fangli Li,Ziqin Huang,Changjiang Liu,Meini Yang,Jixiang Wu,Wenhui Rao,Chuanbai Yu
Currently, additively efficient flame retardants are being developed to enhance the smoke suppression, flame retardancy, and thermal properties of composite materials. To this end, the current study designed and prepared a novel P/N/Si/Zn-containing organic–inorganic hybrid denoted as APHZ. Its inorganic part was 2-methylimidazole zinc salt (ZIF-8), which improved its smoke suppression and catalytic carbonization. The organic part (P/N/Si-containing compound) promoted its flame retardancy and interfacial compatibility between APHZ and epoxy resin (EP). The test results revealed that EP/APHZ-3 composites achieved a V-0 rating and a notable LOI value of 30.7% when introducing 3 wt% APHZ into the EP matrix. Cone calorimetry tests (CCT) further demonstrated that the average heat release rate (av-HRR), total smoke production (TSP), and CO production (COP) of EP/APHZ-3 were reduced by 23.3%, 14.0%, and 21.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the char residual was increased by 60.6%, as compared to pure EP. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanism of EP/APHZ composites was investigated by the XPS, TG-FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The observed synergistic effect of the imidazole skeleton ZIF-8 and P/N/Si-containing compound in APHZ facilitated the generation of a dense multi-element char layer, with the condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism playing a dominant role. These findings contribute to developing and designing high-performance flame-retardant EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）