The sialic acid (SA)-phenylboronic acid (PBA) recognition system is of particular interest in the bioconjugation field, because it is simple, fast, efficient, and biocompatible. In this paper, we report a novel method for reversibly labeling living virus with quantum dots (QDs) by taking advantage of this SA-PBA recognition system. The QDs were initially modified with PBA (QDs-PBA) to target them to the surface of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which has abundant with SA on its envelope. The QDs-PBA was of good monodispersity and strong fluorescence, and could be conjugated with VSV by simply incubating with native VSV for 10 min at 37 °C, producing QDs-VSV that was capable of being imaged at the single virion level. The labeling efficiency attained 83 ± 4.3 % (mean ± SD); meanwhile, the activity and recognition ability of the labeled virus were minimally affected. This method was simple, rapid, and reversible. This work promotes the virus labeling development to a new step. That is, native viruses can be reversibly labeled without any modification.
Initially, the 3-amino-phenylboronic acid (APBA) reacted with QDs-COOH to prepare the PBA capped QDs (QDs-PBA). Then, the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), on which the surface of the envelope is abundant with sialic acid (SA), could be labeled efficiently and specifically with QDs-PBA in one step based on sialic acid-phenylboronic acid recognition system. The labeling efficiency attained to (83 ± 4.3 %) (mean ± SD). The labeled VSA (QDs-VSV) was still infectious and capable of being imaged at the single virion level
Compounds containing a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton exhibit broad-spectrum biological activity, particularly in the fields of antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties in medicine. In this study, a series of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives containing morpholine group were designed and synthesized. Their structures were identified by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, HRMS and X-ray single crystal diffraction, and their antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus (PRV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was evaluated. The results of cell-based assays revealed that some target compounds possessed excellent antiviral effect against PRV and VSV. Compounds 10ce (SI: 30.82 against PRV, 16.19 against VSV) and 10de (SI: 10.26 against PRV, 13.22 against VSV) exhibited excellent antiviral activity, with significantly higher selectivity indices compared to other derivatives. Further investigations revealed that both compounds effectively inhibited the viral progeny titers of both PRV and VSV. This antiviral activity was corroborated by Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses, which demonstrated significant downregulation of the corresponding viral proteins and their associated genes. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that compounds 10ce and 10de bound to the active site of PIKfyve with binding energies of -11.2 kcal/mol and -11.4 kcal/mol, respectively, forming hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. These findings suggest that their antiviral effects may be mediated through interactions with PIKfyve. Moreover, cytotoxicity assays showed that the CC50 values of compounds 10ce and 10de were 47.77 μM and 46.39 μM, respectively, indicating their relatively high safety profiles. These results suggest that 1,3,5-triazine-based compounds are highly promising candidate drugs worthy of further development.
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