Nowadays, stable photoelectrochemical seawater desalination is a challenge. In this work, an environmentally friendly WO 3 /BiVO 4 photoanode is reported to achieve stable solar-driven redox desalination . The WO 3 /BiVO 4 photoanode was prepared by the hydrothermal method and drop-casting and the cathode is the activated carbon coated on graphite paper. Within the desalination system , the I − /I 3 − redox species are recycled between anode/cathode chambers. In the short-circuit state, with illumination as the driving force, the salt removal rate of 65.03 μg/(cm 2 ·min) is obtained without the electric consumption. During the desalination process, the energy output process can be implemented with a salt removal rate of 29.8 μg/(cm 2 ·min) with constant current discharge. Importantly, the solar desalination system based on WO 3 /BiVO 4 photoanode is quite stable. Within the five cycles, the variation of the salt removal rate is within 3.32 μg/(cm 2 ·min). As the practical application, the seawater is desalted to the freshwater standard using the current system, in which the conductivity decreases to 0.96 mS/cm from 53 mS/cm. This work provides a feasible approach to developing stable and efficient solar-driven seawater desalination for long-term usage.
Morphology and facet engineering have been proved efficient strategies to prepare high-performance photoelectrochemical (PEC) materials. WO 3 /BiVO 4 heterojunction photoanodes with different morphologies were prepared by simply controlling the amount of electrodeposited charge. The coral-like WO 3 /BiVO 4 photoanode with the orientation growth of {110} and {011} active facets of BiVO 4 exhibited the optimal PEC performance due to significantly enhanced separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers, while the exposure of {−121} facets showed negative effects. 4.71 mA·cm −2 and 2.9 mA·cm −2 of photocurrent densities were obtained for sulfite and water oxidation , respectively, superior to most reported results. Subsequently, a photoelectrochemical-chlorine (PEC-Cl) system was constructed for antibiotic wastewater detoxification with hydrogen recovery. The analysis results indicated that the system can quickly and effectively remove sulfamethoxazole and reduce its toxicity concurrent with high hydrogen yield. The reactive chlorine species (RCS), especially Cl 2 · − and ClO·, dominated the sulfamethoxazole removal. Possible degradation pathways of sulfamethoxazole were also elucidated.
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