ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2025
·
IF 5.6
Yan Zhao,Haoyu Fang,Liguo Zhu,Lingxin Kong,Bin Yang,Baoqiang Xu,Lei Gao
As the mainstream method for titanium processing, the Kroll process has excessive carbon emissions and high energy consumption due to its reliance on fossil fuels and lengthy semi-continuous process, which not only hinders the implementation of “dual-carbon” goals, but also leads to high production costs. In contrast, molten salt electrolysis achieves direct electrochemical reduction, significantly reducing energy consumption and pollution emissions while reducing costs, in line with the needs of green and sustainable manufacturing. The USTB method represented by soluble anode electrolysis process, is a green and low-cost new process for titanium extraction. However, this method uses NaCl-KCl as the molten salt medium, and faces the problem that it is difficult to control the oxygen content of titanium. In this study, a new method for the preparation of low-oxygen titanium by synergistic electrolysis and thermal deoxidation in NaCl-KCl-YCl 3 was proposed. It can be seen from the thermodynamic calculations that the activity of O 2− in the molten salt can be effectively reduced by the formation of YOCl. Under the equilibrium of Y / YOCl / YCl 3 (Y 3+ (in flux) + O 2- (in flux) + Cl − (in flux) = YOCl), the deoxidation limit is 1000 ppm. The experimental results show that the metal titanium with oxygen content of 700 ppm can be prepared by molten salt electrolysis and thermal deoxidation with TiC x O y as anode, Mo as cathode in NaCl-KCl-YCl 3 molten salt. This work provides a novel strategy for the preparation of low-oxygen titanium based on soluble anode electrolysis.
研究领域:
材料科学
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冶金工程
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
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2023
·
IF 6.2
Xiao-Qian Hao,Tian-Jiao Zhu,Wen-Ju Wang,Yang-Yang Mao,Yan Liu,Tian-Le Li,Yu-Peng Xiao,Yu-Qian Li,Shao-Liang Meng,Jian-Guo Ding
To reinforce the electrochemical properties of next-generation lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), modified interlayers emerge as a promising approach to suppress the polysulfide shuttling effect and improve cycle stability. This work presents a straightforward approach to produce a YCl 3 -doped carbonized cellulose paper (YCl 3 -CCP) as an interlayer, which has been demonstrated to significantly suppress the shuttle effect in LSBs. The synergistic effect of graphite and Y 2 O 3 of the interlayer of YCl 3 -CCP can capture lithium polysulfides through strong absorption, thereby improving both cycle stability and coulombic efficiency. Herein, our results indicate that LSBs with interlayers of YCl 3 -CCP achieve a discharge capacity of 903 m Ah g −1 at 2 C, with a capacity retention of 77.3% over 500 cycles and an average capacity fading rate of 0.045% per cycle. Overall, this work provides a promising strategy for addressing the polysulfide shuttling effect in LSBs and opens up new avenues for further research in this area.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RARE METALS
·
2023
·Vol. 42
·期 11
·3886-3896
·
IF 8.8
Xu Can,Hu Xian-Wei,Yu Jiang-Yu,Li Peng-Wei,Liu Ai-Min,Luo Shao-Hua,Shi Zhong-Ning,Wang Zhao-Wen
The knowledge on the ionic structure of YCl 3 -KCl molten system is of guiding significance for the practical production of yttrium metals and yttrium alloys via molten salt electrolysis using this system as electrolyte. In this paper, the theoretical Raman spectra of the ionic groups which may exist in YCl 3 -KCl molten system are simulated by quantum chemical calculation using Gaussian 09 and GaussView 5.0 programs based on density functional theory (DFT). Then the ionic structures of 20 mol%–60 mol% YCl 3 -KCl molten salt systems are studied by comparing the Raman shift values of the bands in the theoretical Raman spectra of different ionic groups with the experimental spectra of this system. YCl 6 3− , Y 2 Cl 7 − , Y 2 Cl 8 2− and Y 2 Cl 9 3− are thought to exist in the molten system. With the increase of temperature, the relative content of YCl 6 3− ionic groups increases while those of Y 2 Cl 7 − , Y 2 Cl 8 2− and Y 2 Cl 9 3− ionic groups decrease. Moreover, the "lifetime" of all ionic groups decreases within the temperature range of 692–730 °C. Meanwhile, the relative contents of Y 2 Cl 7 − , Y 2 Cl 8 2− and Y 2 Cl 9 3− increase with the increase of YCl 3 content, while that of YCl 6 3− decreases. The wave function analysis of the four ionic groups (YCl 6 3− , Y 2 Cl 7 − , Y 2 Cl 8 2− , and Y 2 Cl 9 3− ) is carried out by Multiwfn program. The net charge in each group, the direction of electron migration during the formation of each group, the sites where electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions are most likely to occur in each ionic group, and the order of bond breaking during chemical reactions for the four groups are obtained. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
物理化学
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无机化学
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熔盐化学
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电化学
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材料化学
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计算化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
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2025
·
IF 4.7
Binfeng Pan,Jie Liu,Zhimin Zhang,Xuchen Lu
The process for preparing high-purity anhydrous yttrium chloride was investigated using a complex salt containing an excess of yttrium oxychloride. By studying the conversion of yttrium oxychloride, it was determined that the key to preparing high-purity anhydrous yttrium chloride lay in the synergistic actions of gas-solid and solid-solid reactions. On this basis, a purity control strategy involving the adjustment of the height-diameter ratio of the sample was proposed to inhibit hydrolysis and enhance the conversion rate. By adopting the purity control strategy, high-purity anhydrous yttrium chloride with a yttrium oxychloride content below 0.1 wt.% was obtained at 600°C when the height-diameter ratio of the samples exceeded 1.42. Finally, the experiments on preparing Mg-Y alloys through molten salt electrolysis validated the impact of the YCl3 purity on the electrolysis process. When the high-purity anhydrous yttrium chloride obtained by this strategy was utilized, the current efficiency could reach 83.7%.
研究领域:
材料科学
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冶金工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Metals
·
2024
·Vol. 14
·期 11
·1288
·
IF 2.6
Tianzhu Mu,Fuxing Zhu,Yan Zhao,Haoyu Fang,Haohang Ji,Lei Gao
Titanium metal is primarily produced via the Kroll process, which is characterized by a semi-continuous production flow and a lengthy process cycle, resulting in high production costs. Researchers have explored alternative methods for titanium production, including molten salt electrolysis, such as the Fray–Farthing–Chen (FFC), Ono Suzuki (OS), and University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB) processes, aiming to achieve more economical production. Among these, the USTB process, a representative of soluble anode electrolysis, has shown significant promise. However, controlling oxygen concentration in titanium produced by soluble anode electrolysis remains a challenge. This study proposes a novel approach to enhance deoxidation efficiency in soluble anode electrolysis for titanium production by introducing yttrium chloride (YCl3) into the molten salt electrolyte. Thermodynamic analysis and experimental validation demonstrate that the theoretical deoxidation limit for titanium can reach below 100 ppm under Y/YOCl/YCl3equilibrium. We report the successful synthesis of titanium powder with an oxygen concentration of 6000 ppm from titanium-carbon-oxygen solid solution. Under optimized conditions, the purity of the titanium powder reached 99.42%, demonstrating a new approach for producing high-purity titanium. This method, based on soluble anode electrolysis, offers a potential alternative to the conventional Kroll process. The research elucidates the fabrication process and analytical methods for titanium-carbon-oxygen solid solution, and employs a combination of analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM-EDS, and ONH Analyzer, for characterization of the electrolytic product, encompassing phase analysis, microstructure, and oxygen concentration testing.
研究领域:
冶金学
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
·
2023
·Vol. 170
·期 10
·106506
·
IF 3.9
Yanli Wang,Rongfa Sun,Lingxu Yang,Huijun Liu,Chaoliu Zeng
In this paper, the electrochemical behavior of Zr(IV) and Y(III) in NaCl-KCl-K2ZrF6-YCl3 molten salts is studied by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronopotentiometry methods, which will provide a theoretical foundation for the preparation of Zr-Y alloy coating by molten salt electrodeposition method. Results show that the reduction of Zr(IV) on molybdenum electrode is a three-step charge-transfer process, while the reduction of Y(III) is a single-step diffusion-controlled three-electron quasi-reversible process at −0.30 V vs Pt. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of Y(III) in the melt at 750 °C is calculated as 2.15 × 10−5 cm2·s−1. The reduction of Zr(IV) and Y(III) on molybdenum electrode in NaCl-KCl-K2ZrF6-YCl3 molten salts has also been studied by cyclic voltammetry method. Results indicate that the Zr-Y alloy coating can be obtained on molybdenum electrode by galvanostatic electrolysis at −1.50 V vs Pt for 30 min.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2026
·Vol. 31
·期 8
·1354
·
IF 5.1
Wang Zhou,Tianyun Du,Chunqian Xu,Xiuxun Han
Cs3Cu2I5single crystals are regarded as promising next-generation scintillators due to their large Stokes shift and low self-absorption characteristics. However, the cost-effective solution growth method faces critical challenges: the instability of colloidal precursors in solutions and the severe oxidation of Cu+during crystal growth. This study innovatively introduces yttrium chloride (YCl3) as a dual-functional additive to address both issues simultaneously. The hydrolysis of YCl3creates a controlled acidic environment, effectively suppressing the oxidation of Cu+; meanwhile, it enhances the stability of colloidal precursors by significantly increasing their surface charge and narrowing the particle size distribution. These synergistic effects enable the rapid growth (approximately 100 h) of near-centimeter-sized Cs3Cu2I5single crystals with high crystallinity, without the need for inert gas protection. The optimized crystals exhibit exceptional performance: a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 93.22% ± 0.47%, a scintillation decay time of 210.04 ns, and a light yield of ~738.14 pe/MeV. This YCl3-mediated growth strategy establishes an efficient approach for the solution-based synthesis of high-quality Cs3Cu2I5single crystals, holding great significance for advancing high-sensitivity, environment-stable radiation detection applications such as medical diagnostics and nuclear safety monitoring.
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Energy Storage Materials
·
2026
·
IF 19.3
Zuxin Long,Kewei Hu,Zhouwei Tan,Yijie Zhang,Jichang Sun,Liansheng Li,Qinghua Liang
Li 3 YCl 6 (LYC) has emerged as a highly promising halide solid electrolyte for next-generation all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) due to its high ionic conductivity and good compatibility with high-voltage cathodes. LYC is commonly prepared via mechanochemical balling of LiCl and YCl 3 reactants; however, reported ionic conductivity values vary widely, and reproducibility remains a challenge. Here, we identify trace water in the YCl 3 as a critical impurity that severely degrades the performance of the resultant LYC. Even trace water (< 500 ppm) in YCl 3 impairs the purity of LYC, whereas higher water content (> 1%) causes a 1-2 order of magnitude decrease in its ionic conductivity. This effect is far more detrimental than moisture in LiCl. By using an ultra-dry YCl 3 (H 2 O content < 10 ppm), high purity LYC was obtained after only 4 hours of ball milling, achieving a high and reproducible room-temperature ionic conductivity of 0.56±0.01 mS cm -1 . We also developed a simple dynamic argon-purge method at 720 °C to remove trace water from commercially available anhydride YCl 3 . The LYC prepared from this treated precursor shows a consistent conductivity of 0.42±0.02 mS cm -1 , an order of magnitude higher than that from untreated YCl 3 . More importantly, the ASSLBs constructed with this LYC deliver comparable initial capacity, Coulombic efficiency, rate capability, and capacity retention to those using LYC from ultra-dry YCl 3 precursors. This study highlights the decisive role of trace water in YCl 3 for the mechanochemical preparation of high-quality LYC electrolytes for ASSLBs.
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DOI
高影响因子
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