Gray mold is a destructive disease caused by Botrytis cinerea , a pervasive plant pathogen, which poses a threat to both tomato growth and postharvest storage. The utilization of induced resistance presents a potential strategy for combating plant pathogenic attacks. ZNC (zhinengcong), an extract derived from the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces variotii , has been discovered to play a vital role in preventing diverse forms of bacterial infections. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism behind its ability to enhance tomato resistance to fungi remains unclear. In this study, we found that the exogenous spraying of ZNC could significantly improve the resistance of tomato plants to B. cinerea . The results of both the metabolomic analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that tomato plants responded to ZNC treatment by accumulating high levels of rutin. Additional transcriptome analysis uncovered that rutin enhances tomato resistance possible by initiating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs) related genes expression during the initial phase of invasion by B. cinerea . In addition, we also found that rutin might activate plant immunity by eliciting ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated pathways. Therefore, plant immune inducer ZNC and rutin has bright application prospects and high utilization value to control gray mold. Graphical Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate insecticidal activities of the essential oil of Rhynchanthus beesianus rhizomes against adults of Liposcelis entomophila and Tribolium castaneum . Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed the presence of 44 compounds with β -eudesmol (19.1%), elemol (8.1%), α -terpineol (8.0%), methyl eugenol (6.5%), and caryophyllene (4.8%) being the major constituents. Bioactivity-directed chromatographic separation of the oil led to the isolation of four constituents, elemol, β -eudesmol, methyl eugenol, and α -terpineol. The essential oil exhibited fumigant toxicity against the adults of L. entomophila and T. castaneum with LC 50 values of 0.57 and 4.96 mg/L air while the two isolates, methyl eugenol and α -terpineol possessed fumigant toxicity against the booklice (LC 50 = 0.15 and 0.48 mg/L air, respectively) and the beetles (LC 50 = 1.81 and 4.96 mg/L air, respectively). The oil also possessed contact toxicity against the booklice and the beetles with LD 50 values of 121.56 μg/cm 2 and 54.93 μg/adult, respectively, while the two isolates β -eudesmol and elemol showed contact toxicity against L. entomophila (LD 50 = 99.21 and 35.19 μg/cm 2 , respectively) and T. castaneum (LD 50 = 35.26 and 8.89 μg/adult, respectively). The results indicate that the oil of R. beesianus rhizomes and its isolates have potential as a source for natural insecticides.
Hong-Bo Wang,Rong-Gang Xu,Long-Jiang Yu,Jun Luo,Li-Wei Zhang,Xiao-Yan Huang,Wen-An Zou,Qian Zhao,Ming-Bo Lu
Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on b-carotene production by Blakeslea trispora. The optimized strategy involved exposing three-day-old mycelial cultures to ultrasonic treatment at a fixed frequency of 20 kHz, power of 491 W, treatment time of 3 min, working time of 3 s, and rest time of 5:8 s, repeated four times at a 24-h interval. Mycelium growth was not significantly promoted under ultrasonic stimulation; however, the glucose metabolism increased by about 10%, the average size of the aggregates significantly decreased, and the uptake rate of imidazole into cells was increased about 2.5-fold. After a 6-d culture, the technique produced 173 mg=L of b-carotene and 82 mg=L of lycopene, which represented an increase of nearly 40:7% and 52:7%, respectively, over the yields obtained in cultures without ultrasonic treatment
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