Polyaniline doped with ZnCl 2 (PANI/Zn 2+ ) is prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline in a solution of 0.3 M aniline, 0.3 M zinc chloride, 1.0 M hydrochloric acid and 0.33 M ammonium persulfate at 5 °C. Polyaniline powder is mixed with acetylene black and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to be used as positive electrodes (cathodes) in batteries. Zinc powder is mixed with alloyed powder (65 wt.% Cu, 20 wt.% Sn, 15 wt.% Zn), acetylene black and CMC to obtain the negative electrodes (anodes). The battery electrolyte comprises 1.0 M ZnCl 2 and 2.0 M NH 4 Cl in the aqueous solution of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate (EMIES) (water/EMIES, 92:8 by volume). EMIES is added to the battery electrolyte to prevent the formation of Zn dendrites. The assembled cylindrical battery has an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.32 V and the maximum specific capacity of the battery is 89.9 mAh g −1 at pH 4.0.
Runfeng Yu,Yunfei Xu,Xuxian Liu,Guoxin Zhang,Huiping Du,Ze Yang,Yaqun Wang
Currently, the utilization of flexible zinc ion batteries offers significant safety advantages for flexible energy storage devices. However, the limited mass-loading of these batteries presents a challenge to their long-term operation in such devices, thereby hindering further advancements. To address this, we present a mechanically flexible zinc-ion battery featuring a screen-printed PANI cathode. This battery achieves high loading and low weight, resulting in an energy density of 1.247mAh cm −2 and a maximum mass-loading of 15.78 mg cm −2 . Notably, the battery demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, even when subjected to challenging conditions like hammering, sewing, stretching, cutting and bending.
Guochao Wan,Wenhao Sun,Lei Liu,Changming Mao,Zhonghua Zhang,Xiaosong Guo,Guicun Li
Reducing the free radicals associated with electrochemical reactions and the activity of H2O is an effective measure to inhibit side reactions and improve stability for rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Herein, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a popular dietary supplement for humans, is used as an innoxious and low-cost additive to scavenge free radicals and optimize the coordination condition for aqueous ZnSO4 electrolyte. Profiting from the double effects of MSM, the Zn∥Ti asymmetric cells exhibit excellent stability and display a high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.5% in the aqueous MSM/ZnSO4 electrolyte for 1000 h, and the Zn∥Zn cells achieve a long cycle life of over 2000 h. In addition, MSM can effectively suppress the dissolution of an ammonium vanadate (NVO) cathode. The positive role of MSM is further exhibited in the Zn∥NVO and Zn∥PANI full cells, exhibiting outstanding charge/discharge performance and capacity retention. This work provides a type of innoxious additive for an aqueous electrolyte for aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries.
The Zn/electrolyte interface stability is related to HER, passivation, dendrites, corrosion and Zn 2+ deposition orientation. Reducing the occupation of H 2 O dipoles in the inner layer of electrical double layer (EDL) is conducive to the inhibition of interfacial side reactions and directing the deposition of Zn 2+ along the (002) crystalline surface, which are beneficial to the reduction of dendrites and the improvement of plating/stripping reversibility. A mechanism is elucidated by which Acetyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride (A-L-CN) reconfigures the EDL structure and guides the selective deposition of Zn 2+ in this paper. Theoretical calculations show that A-L-CN can cover the high-energy active sites on the Zn (101) crystal plane and control the specific crystal orientation of the deposits along the (002) crystal plane to produce faceted epitaxial growth. The electrochemical test results show that the Zn anode has excellent plating/stripping reversibility as well as good cumulative capacity (10 mA cm −2 , 1 mA h cm −2 , ACE of 99.80 %, CPC of 7,753 mA h cm −2 ). The assembled Zn 2+ hybrid supercapacitor (ZHS) and Zn//PANI full cell show excellent performance (ZHS up to 60,000 cycles; the capacity retention ratio of Zn//PANI full cell is 76.7 % after 1,000 cycles). The work offers the possibility of achieving stabilized Zn/electrolyte interface performance.
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