CHEMICAL PAPERS
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2017
·Vol. 69
·期 5
·722-728
·
IF 1.258
Xu Jun-Hui,Ma Yan-Qiong,Wei Jian-Ping,Li Fang-Mei,Peng Xin-Hua
Ambroxol used as an expectorant in treating respiratory diseases was effectively prepared with a total yield of 62%, with o -toluidine as the feedstock via successive procedures of electrophilic bromination, acetylation, radical benzylic bromination, N -alkylation and hydrolysis processes. The addition of aqueous hydrogen peroxide could enhance the utilisation of liquid bromine in the electrophilic bromination of o -toluidine, avoiding the hazardous HBr generated as a by-product. In addition, liquid bromine promoted by MnO 2 was used efficiently for the radical benzylic bromination of N -acetyl- N -(2,4-dibromo-6-methylphenyl)acetamide under mild conditions.
研究领域:
药物化学
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有机合成
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DOI
高影响因子
ChemPlusChem
·
2020
·Vol. 85
·期 4
·679-683
·
IF 2.753
Shengke Li,Kit Ieng Kuok,Xia Ji,Anni Xu,Hang Yin,Jun Zheng,Huaping Tan,Ruibing Wang
Graphical Antibacterial switch : The capability of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) in modulating the antibacterial activity of ambroxol hydrochloride (ABX) was successfully demonstrated by using two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli . The antibacterial activity of ABX was “turned off” upon encapsulation by CB[7] and “turned on” after ABX was released from the CB[7]-ABX host–guest complex upon addition of a competitive guest amantadine hydrochloride. Supramolecular encapsulation by cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) was recently demonstrated to provide a simple and efficient method for antibacterial activity regulation of antibiotics. In this work, CB[7] was shown to form binary host-guest complex with ambroxol hydrochloride (ABX), a clinical mucokinetic and expectorant drug, which was reported to exhibit certain antibacterial activity. 1 H NMR titration and isothermal titration calorimetry experiment results suggested that the 4-hydroxyl cyclohexylamine group of ABX was included inside the CB[7] cavity, with a binding constant K a of (6.69±0.11)×10 5 M −1 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, thermodynamically driven by both enthalpy change (ΔH=−12.2 kJ/mol) and entropy change (TΔS=21.1 kJ/mol). More importantly, ABX's inhibitory activity (MIC 50 ) against bacillary strains towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli strains was decreased from (5.11±0.31)×10 −6 M −1 and (2.63±0.34)×10 −5 M −1 to zero upon encapsulation by CB[7], and was subsequently recovered to almost its original activity when a competitive guest, amantadine hydrochloride, for disassembling CB[7]-ABX complex, was added, suggesting that the antibacterial activity of ABX could be readily “turned off/on” upon its complexation and decomplexation with CB[7].
研究领域:
药理学
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微生物学
·
化学
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DOI
高影响因子
ACS Nano
·
2025
·
IF 16
Yuan-Hang Wu,Yang Shen,Bing-Feng Wang,Yu-Tong Wang,Shi-Chi Feng,Yi Yu,Yu-Hang Zhang,Zhenhuang Su,Xingyu Gao,Yanqing Li,Jian-Xin Tang
Efforts to improve the performance of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have predominantly centered on two key strategies: defect passivation and phase modulation, both of which aim to mitigate nonradiative recombination. While recent advances have explored the synergistic mechanisms in multiadditive systems, the inherent multifunctionality of single-additive systems remains underexplored. Here, we investigate a biopharmaceutical agent, ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), with multifunctional groups as a multifunctional perovskite crystallization regulator. The presence of abundant electron-rich moieties (e.g., −OH and −NH2) facilitates efficient passivation of perovskite grain boundaries via multiple coordination bonds (e.g., O:Pb and N:Pb). These functional groups also exhibit a strong propensity to form hydrogen bonds with halogen ions, thereby effectively suppressing the formation of halogen vacancies and inhibiting ion migration. Furthermore, AMB impedes the adsorption of the spacer molecule phenylethylamine (PEA) on the octahedron surface and competes with PEA for coordination sites, thereby promoting the formation of well-aligned layered phases and enhancing exciton transfer efficiency. Consequently, we obtained spectrally stable sky-blue PeLEDs with a high external quantum efficiency of 22.42%. High-quality active-matrix array displays are further demonstrated, achieving precise independent control of each pixel. These displays exhibit superior brightness and color consistency, making them highly promising for advanced optoelectronic applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
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光电子学
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显示技术
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2026
·Vol. 14
·期 3
·122320
·
IF 7.5
Binbin Yao,Yi Fei,Wenlong Wang,Shubing Yang,Kai Wu,Xu Zhang,Zhenwen Wang,Hao Liu,Yuefei Ji,Jing Chen,Junhe Lu
Ambroxol (AMB), a widely used medicine for bronchitis and other respiratory and lung diseases, is an emerging aquatic pollutant whose removal has been insufficiently studied. In this work, we investigated the kinetics, products, and reaction mechanism of AMB by ferrate (Fe(VI)) in aqueous solutions. Experiments showed that Fe(VI) reacts efficiently with AMB under neutral conditions (pH=7), with an apparent second-order rate constant of (5.840.22)× 10 2 M −1 s −1 , degradation efficiency increased with Fe(VI) concentration across the tested range (10–200 μM). At a [Fe(VI)]:[AMB] molar ratio of 10:1, complete removal of AMB was achieved within 300 s. The degradation process proved robust, showing minimal influence from common inorganic ions, although slight inhibition was observed in the presence of Ca 2+ and humic acid. We identified seven intermediates and proposed four reaction pathways. Notably, the feasibility of this process was further confirmed in real water matrices. In addition, Fe(VI) application enabled simultaneous removal of both phosphorus and AMB, achieving a 46% reduction in total phosphorus (initial 5 mg L − 1 ) at 2 mM Fe(VI), attributable to the coagulation by in situ-formed iron hydrolysis products. However, ecological risk assessment of the transformation products formed under the studied conditions indicated that several transformation products may present potential hazards due to their persistence and predicted toxicity. Several products pose non-negligible risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health owing to their acute/chronic toxicity, environmental persistence, and endocrine-disrupting potential. This study demonstrates that Fe(VI) is a promising technology for the co-removal of AMB and phosphorus from water, while underscoring the necessity to manage the environmental risks associated with the resulting transformation products.
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DOI
高影响因子
WATER RESEARCH
·
2026
·
IF 12.8
Ying Zhang,Xiaoci Li,Jean-Marc Chovelon,Yuefei Ji,Lei Zhou
The ocean is a globally important zone for the photochemical transformation of various organic contaminants. Its unique chemical composition, especially the high concentration of halide ions, can significantly alter the photochemical reactivity and fate of these contaminants. Herein, we systematically investigated the effects of marine constituents on the sunlight-driven photolysis of ambroxol (AMB), an expectorant drug extensively used following COVID-19 pandemic, and assessed its spatiotemporal persistence on a global scale. The results revealed that marine matrix significantly promoted AMB photodegradation in a halide-specific manner, where chloride drove such acceleration via photonucleophilic substitution, while bromide exerted an inhibitory effect. Differing from the pathways in pure water, the marine photolysis of AMB was dominated by photonucleophilic substitution, generating the primary chlorinated product with a substantial formation yield of ∼50.5%. Toxicity evaluation suggested that the halogen exchange reaction reduced the toxicity of the photoproducts, whereas other transformation pathways heightened the environmental risks of AMB. Utilizing the global-scale photolysis model GCSOLAR, this study further indicated that near-surface environmental persistence of AMB was strictly governed by geographic latitude and seasonal dynamics, where environmental half-lives remained minimal (1.24–1.83 h) in equatorial zones while rising to 34.77 h in high-latitude regions during winter. These findings highlighted the critical role of the marine matrix and global spatiotemporal variations in collectively reshaping the transformation landscape and intensifying the ecological risks of typical emerging contaminants.
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
WATER RESEARCH
·
2023
·
IF 12.8
Wuming Wang,Zichong Zhou,Shunke Ding,Wenyuan Yang,Wei Jin,Wenhai Chu,Zuxin Xu
Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) and bromhexine hydrochloride (BRO) are classic expectorants and bronchosecretolytic pharmaceuticals. In 2022, both AMB and BRO were recommended by medical emergency department of China to alleviate cough and expectoration for symptoms caused by COVID-19. The reaction characteristics and mechanism of AMB/BRO with chlorine disinfectant in the disinfection process were investigated in this study. The reaction of chlorine with AMB/BRO were well described by a second-order kinetics model, first-order in both AMB/BRO and chlorine. The second order rate reaction constant of AMB and BRO with chlorine at pH 7.0 were 1.15 × 10 2 M −1 s −1 and 2.03 × 10 2 M −1 s −1 , respectively. During chlorination, a new class of aromatic nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) including 2-chloro-4, 6-dibromoaniline and 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline were identified as the intermediate aromatic DBPs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of chlorine dosage, pH, and contact time on the formation of 2-chloro-4, 6-dibromoaniline and 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline were evaluated. In addition, it was found that bromine in AMB/BRO were vital bromine source to greatly promote the formation of classic brominated DBPs, with the highest Br-THMs yields of 23.8% and 37.8%, respectively. This study inspired that bromine in brominated organic compounds may be an important bromine source of brominated DBPs.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
公共卫生
·
药学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2024
·
IF 7.6
Binbin Shao,Chenkai Hu,Hainan Zhao,Chengcheng Xiao,Erdeng Du,Anhong Cai,Jing Deng
Ambroxol (AMB) is a commonly used bromine-containing organic compound in medical applications and has been frequently found in water environments, which might pose risks of forming brominated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs) in water treatment systems. The degradation kinetics as well as the degradation mechanism of AMB in the UV/chloramine process were investigated in this study. It was determined that reactive chlorine species (RCS) and the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were the dominant free radicals for AMB degradation. Debromination occurred mainly in the initial stage of the degradation process, with a debromination rate of 34.5% at 10 min. Four possible degradation pathways of AMB were proposed based on liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations, meanwhile the ECOSAR model was used to predict the toxicity risk of AMB and its degradation intermediates. Furthermore, after assessing the formation of DBPs during the UV/chloramine pre-oxidation process and conducting a toxicity risk analysis based on the results, it has been verified that this method can effectively remove AMB while reducing the formation potential of DBPs in the water environment. This suggests that the UV/chloramine process shows promise for treating bromine-containing organic compounds in real-world water treatment applications.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
水处理工程
·
毒理学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS
·
2023
·
IF 4.9
Dongli Qi,Bei Jia,Hui Peng,Jiachen He,Jiaxin Pi,Pan Guo,Ying Zhang,Xiuping Deng,Jiawei Li,Zhidong Liu
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and often fatal lung disease caused by multiple factors. Currently, safe, and effective drugs for the treatment of IPF have been extremely scarce. Baicalin (BA) is used to treat pulmonary fibrosis, IPF, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other lung diseases. Ambroxol hydrochloride (AH), a respiratory tract lubricant and expectorant, is often used to treat chronic respiratory diseases, such as bronchial asthma, emphysema, tuberculosis, and cough. The combination of BA and AH can relieve cough and phlegm, improve lung function, and potentially treat IPF and its symptoms. However, given the extremely low solubility of BA, its bioavailability for oral absorptions is also low. AH, on the other hand, has been associated with certain side effects, such as gastrointestinal tract and acute allergic reactions, which limit its applicability. Therefore, an efficient drug delivery system is urgently needed to address the mentioned problems. This study combined BA and AH as model drugs with L-leucine (L-leu) as the excipient to prepare BA/AH dry powder inhalations (BA/AH DPIs) using the co-spray drying method. We the performed modern pharmaceutical evaluation, which includes particle size, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, hygroscopicity, in vitro aerodynamic analysis, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Notably, BA/AH DPIs were found to be advantageous over BA and AH in treating IPF and had better efficacy in improving lung function than did the positive drug pirfenidone. The BA/AH DPI is a promising preparation for the treatment of IPF given its lung targeting, rapid efficacy, and high lung bioavailability.
研究领域:
药剂学
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肺病学
·
药物递送系统
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药理学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）