ENERGY
·
2022
·
IF 8.857
Qi Zhao,Yi Li,Xianfeng Chen
The study aims to examine the suppression performance of an inhibitor after a methane/coal dust explosion. The design of an explosion suppression system included the carrier gas of nitrogen (N 2 ) with an inhibitor of ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The study investigated fire extinguishing and explosion suppression of methane/coal dust by N 2 /APP in a vertical pipe. Flame propagation characteristics were measured by a high-speed camera, micro-thermocouple, and pressure sensor . The residues after the explosion were characterized chemically by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the thermal decomposition characteristics of coal dust and APP in the N 2 atmosphere were analyzed by synchronous thermal analysis. Experimental results show that the explosion suppression system can effectively hinder the flame propagation of methane/coal dust explosion. The flame height, bottom velocity, and temperature were all weakened significantly. The optimum level of suppressant minimizes the explosion pressure and suppresses the flame significantly. In addition, the fire extinguishing and explosion suppression mechanisms of N 2 /APP were summarized. The suppression method used in this study blocks the explosion after it occurs rather than preventing it through premixed inerting.
研究领域:
安全工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
·
2024
·
IF 6.9
Hao Zeng,Dongyang Qiu,Kaiyuan Li,Chuyuan Huang,Jie Gao,Xianfeng Chen,Jingjing Gong
To weaken the adverse effects of methane-air explosions on industrial processes and the environment, the development of highly effective explosion inhibitors is imperative. In this study, a novel ammonium polyphosphate gel dry water (AGDW) powder was synthesized by incorporating superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as additives. The addition of SAP significantly enhanced the physical properties such as stability and water retention of AGDW powder, while APP improved its suppression effects. The suppression effect of AGDW powder on methane-air explosions was investigated in a square explosion pipeline. Experimental results revealed that 4 g AGDW powder with 15 wt% APP completely hindered the propagation of the explosion flame, resulting in a 91.2% reduction in peak temperature and completed elimination of the pressure reflection wave. Increasing the spraying pressure from 0.2 MPa to 0.4 MPa, 2 g AGDW powder with 5 wt% APP was sufficient to suppress the explosion completely. The suppression mechanism of AGDW powder on methane-air explosions was comprehensively elucidated from the cooling effect, diluting effect, and interrupting the chain reaction. This work sheds light on the preparation and application of novel dry water powders and provides a feasible solution for ensuring process safety and controlling gas explosions .
研究领域:
工业安全
·
化学工程
·
爆炸控制
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
·
2023
·Vol. 52
·期 43
·15974-15985
·
IF 4
Pengyun Zhang,Jie Xiong,Wei-Hsiang Chen,Pingfan Du,Lixin Song
In recent years, air-processed MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted widespread interest from researchers worldwide because of their simple and low-cost fabrication process. Nonetheless, the ambient conditions usually bring about many adverse effects, such as imperfect crystallization and numerous defects in perovskite films, which seriously impact both the photoelectric performance and stability of the device. Therefore, in this work, a polymer dual-passivation strategy was employed by introducing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an additive to the green anti-solvent to accurately modify the perovskite layer. APP, which has abundant phosphate and ammonium groups, could simultaneously fill the I/Pb vacancies by Lewis acid–base reactions to restrain defect formation and improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the ultimate device. On the other hand, the long molecular chains of the polymer with a certain flexural ability were easily congregated at the grain boundaries of the perovskite grains, thus enhancing the bending resistance. Consequently, high-quality perovskite films with a dense morphology and large grain size were obtained. Because of the reduced defect density and suppressed non-radiative recombination, the optimal PSC attained a champion PCE of 20.87% with negligible hysteresis. Furthermore, the non-encapsulated APP-modified flexible device also exhibited excellent bending resistance. Only 20% of its normalized PCE was lost after 150 bending cycles at room temperature. This simple, green, low-cost, and reliable strategy for preparing high-efficiency PSCs with good stability can facilitate its commercialization.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
太阳能技术
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2021
·Vol. 138
·期 39
·51007
·
IF 3.125
Qian Chen,Xiao Feng Cui,Wen Jiang Zheng,Wei Zou,Yanli Li,Jie Yan,Hu Yang,Fan Yang,Hai Bo Zhang
Hydrogels containing a large amount of water have been widely studied as fireproof materials. However, the organic networks that composed the gel easily burns as water evaporates. In this work, the widely used intumescent flame-retardant ammonium polyphosphate was modified by carbon–carbon double bonds (abbreviated as MAPP) and introduced in alginate/poly (acrylamide-co-stearyl methacrylate) [alginate/P(AAm- co -SMA)] hydrogel by free radical polymerization. The resultant MAPP@alginate/P(AAm- co -SMA) hydrogels show good mechanical strength of 650 kPa and healing efficiency of 80%. Thermal analysis and thermal protective performance tests indicate that the MAPP particles improve the thermal stability and heat resistance of gel. The fireproof test shows that the MAPP@alginate/P(AAm- co -SMA) gel composite shows twice of fire proof time over the pure hydrogels.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 138
·期 20
·50413
·
IF 2.52
Zhe Huang,Bo Ruan,Jin Wu,Ning Ma,Tao Jiang,Fang-Chang Tsai
The flame retardant polypropylene containing the micro-envelope core-shell structure flame retardant, which encapsulated ammonium polyphosphate into melamine-formaldehyde resin and sodium silicate through in situ polymerization was prepared with polyamide 6, added as a carbon-forming agent. The composition of ammonium polyphosphate, encapsulated ammonium polyphosphate with melamine-formaldehyde resin and the micro-envelope core-shell structure flame retardant were characterized. The fire safety and thermal stability were investigated and showed an improvement including limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis, vertical burning tests, and microscale combustion calorimeter. The burned compounds were also studied to confirm the burning mechanism. The results showed the flame retardant performance had been greatly improved, while polyamide 6 had better char-forming effect. Besides, the water solubility of flame retardants and their influence on the mechanical properties of polypropylene were also investigated. The results on the effects of additives demonstrated a high efficiency flame retardant to polypropylene. A core-shell flame retardant that sodium silicate and melamine-formaldehyde resin-coated ammonium polyphosphate had been constructed. The effect of the built flame retardant system on the combustion performance of polypropylene was studied from the mechanism and performance. The LOI of the most flame retardant polypropylene reached 28.6%, and UL-94 reached the V-0 level.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2021
·
IF 4.539
Jun Yan,Pingfan Xu,Peikun Zhang,Haojun Fan
Seeking a facile strategy to synthesize efficient, inexpensive and robust flame retardants which endow the polyurethane (PU) composites with desirable flame retardancy and mechanical property remains compelling but challenging. Here, we report the surface modification of commercial ammonium polyphosphate (APP) by 3-amino-1,2-propanediol in water solution to construct a novel organic–inorganic hybrid. The functionalized APP (FAPP) with multi-hydroxyl, which acts as both intumescent flame retardants and crosslinking agent, was covalently introduced into solvent-free PU composite via a thermo-curing process. Interestingly, FAPP exhibits good compatibility and strong interfacial interactions within PU matrix, which in turn significantly enhances the tensile strength (~40%) of the resultant PU composite, but without compromising the flexibility. With the incorporation of 15 wt% FAPP, the PU composite reaches a limiting oxygen index of 27.2%, and passes UL-94 V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate and total heat release are respectively decreased by 64.5% and 37.8% over that of pristine PU, which is far superior to original APP. The high flame-retardant efficiency primarily results from the formation of compact and intumescent char layers in condensed phase. Accordingly, our practice may be extendable to the implementation in other high-performance flame-retardant polymer-matrix composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2022
·Vol. 33
·期 4
·1190-1201
·
IF 3.348
Yanling Feng,Wei Wu,Zhengyi Wang,Tianyu Zhao
An innovative phosphorus-silicone flame retardant (KAPP-OGPOSS) was prepared by grafting octa (propyl glycidyl ether) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OGPOSS) on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) through silane coupling agent (KH-550). The chemical structure, morphology, flame retardancy, and mechanism of the obtained materials were comprehensively investigated. TG results demonstrated that EP with 15 wt% KAPP-OGPOSS produced a char residue of 42.6% at 700°C, which is three times that of pure EP. The flame retardant tests showed that the limiting oxygen index value of EP/15 wt% KAPP-OGPOSS was 30.6% (67.7% higher than that of neat EP) and its UL-94 grade reached to V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter testing indicated that the incorporation of 15 wt% KAPP-OGPOSS to EP significantly reduced heat, smoke, CO, and CO 2 release by 79%, 83%, 80%, and 82.5%, respectively. The modification of APP with OGPOSS was also beneficial for the improvement of the char yield and density of char. A flame retardant mechanism was revealed according to the investigation into the char residue. This modified approach provided an innovative yet practical means of enhancing the flame retardant properties of EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2025
·
IF 4.7
Hong Chen,Min Sang,Yan Li,Shuai Liu,Shilong Duan,Tongxin Nie,Jianpeng Wu,Yucheng Pan,Xinglong Gong
The threats posed by flame burning and falling debris during fires are immense, making the development of flame-retardant and impact-resistant protective devices an urgent necessity. By employing particle reinforcement technology, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) particles were introduced into the shear-stiffening gel (SSG). The results of rheological experiments demonstrate that the SSG filled with APP particles (SSG@APP) can significantly enhance the storage modulus (G′) of the matrix SSG. The Prony series model effectively predicted SSG@APP’s storage modulus-frequency curve (R2 > 0.99). The shear stress–strain curve of SSG@APP demonstrates a high degree of consistency with the rate-dependent Cowper-Symonds model. Regarding impact protection, SSG@APP can dissipate 82% of the impact force under the condition of an impact height reaching 20 cm, which mainly stems from the shear-stiffening effect. When SSG is filled with 40% APP particles, the material can meet the V-0 vertical burning standard and has a measured limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30%. The total heat release (THR) values of SSG and SSG@APP were measured as 81 and 54 MJ/m2, respectively, indicating that SSG@APP exhibits superior flame-retardant properties. Therefore, SSG@APP is not only highly suitable for manufacturing wearable protective devices but also effective in safeguarding fragile/flammable items.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防工程
·
机械工程
·
聚合物复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2022
·Vol. 27
·期 15
·4748
·
IF 4.927
Qing Zhang,Huiyuan Liu,Junxia Guan,Xiaochun Yang,Baojing Luo
Phosphating sesbania gum (DESG) was obtained by modifying sesbania gum (SG) with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and endic anhydride (EA). The structure of DESG was determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Flame-retardant polylactic acid (PLA) composites were prepared by melt-blending PLA with DESG, which acted as a carbon source, and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), which acted as an acid source and a gas source. The flame retardancy of the PLA composite was investigated using vertical combustion (UL-94), the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the cone calorimeter (CONE) test. Thermal properties and morphology were characterized via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. Experimental results indicated that when the mass ratio of DESG/APP was equal to 12/8 the LOI value was 32.2%; a vertical burning test (UL-94) V-0 rating was achieved. Meanwhile, the sample showed a lowest total heat release (THR) value of 52.7 MJ/m2, which is a 32.5% reduction compared to that of neat PLA. Using FESEM, the uniform distribution of DESG and APP in the PLA matrix was observed. The synergistic effect of DESG and APP effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of PLA. Additionally, the synergistic mechanism of DESG and APP in PLA was proposed.Keywords:polylactic acid;sesbania gum;ammonium polyphosphate;flame retardancy
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
·
2023
·
IF 3.5
Tianjiao Zhang,Zongling Zhang,Chenchen Zhu,Wei Gao
In this work, vinyltriethoxysilane (A151) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) were used to modify ammonium polyphosphate (APP), showing that the dispersibility of APP could be improved remarkably by A151 and KH550. The maximum explosion pressure of aluminum dust explosion decreased with the addition of APP, A151-APP (APP-A) and KH550-APP (APP-B), with the exception of the case where the inerting ratio (α) of APP-A was less than 0.4. After the addition of APP-B, there was little difference in flame propagation behavior and explosion pressure compared with that of adding APP, indicating that APP-B could retain the inhibition performance of APP compared with APP-A. When the inerting ratios of APP, APP-A and APP-B were 1.2, 1.4 and 1.4, respectively, the aluminum dust explosion could be completely inhibited. The explosion residues of aluminum dust/APP mainly consisted of Al 2 O 3 , P-containing and N-containing compounds. It could be analyzed that APP exerted the inhibition effect through both chemical and physical effects.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
安全科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Xuqiang Zheng,Xinyu Chen,Xiaorong Guo,Jun Sun,Hongfei Li,Xiaoyu Gu,Sheng Zhang
Polypropylene (PP) has the advantages of excellent mechanical properties and easy molding, but its shortcomings such as high flammability and poor ultraviolet (UV) resistance cannot be ignored. In this paper, APP was used as the core, 1, 10-diamino-decane (DA) was used as a "bridge" to connect TA to the surface of APP, obtaining TAPP through oxidation self-polymerization. The addition of TAPP greatly improved the flame retardancy and UV resistance of PP matrix. The limiting oxygen index of the PP/22.5 %TAPP sample was increased to 31.0 %, and it was able to pass the UL-94 V-0 rating without droplet produced. Compared with PP samples, the peak heat release rate and peak smoke release rate of PP/22.5 %TAPP sample were reduced by 65.0 % and 44.7 %, respectively. In addition, the tensile strength and impact strength of PP/22.5 %TAPP samples decreased by only 2.7 % and 15.0 % after 60 h UV irradiation. The results showed that the addition of TAPP effectively improved the flame retardancy and UV aging resistance of PP. This study provides a feasible method for the preparation of anti-UV aging and flame-retardant PP composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Hongcheng Mi,Jiwei Lu,Nailing Wang,Rui Xu,Lixia Li
Serpentine slime coating significantly deteriorates the flotation performance of sulfide minerals due to electrostatic attraction under weakly alkaline conditions. To address this issue and develop a low-toxicity reagent regime, this study introduced ammonium polyphosphate (APP), specifically with varying molecular weights, as a novel depressant to achieve the efficient separation of pyrite from serpentine. Single-mineral and artificial mixed ore flotation tests demonstrated that APP with a medium degree of polymerization (APP-2) exhibited the best performance. At pH 8.5 and an APP-2 dosage of 80 mg/L, the recovery of pyrite reached 93.17 % with significant rejection of serpentine. APP-2 chemically adsorbs onto the serpentine surface through the formation of stable P-O-Mg bonds, reversing its surface charge from positive to negative, while having negligible interaction with pyrite. This effectively eliminates the heterocoagulation between the two minerals. Despite these promising laboratory results, the complexity of mineral textures in run-of-mine ores remains a challenge for industrial translation. Future perspectives focus on evaluating the pilot-scale performance of APP and further exploring phosphate-based green reagents to facilitate cleaner production in sulfide flotation.
研究领域:
矿物加工工程
·
浮选化学
·
胶体与界面科学
·
资源综合利用
·
绿色冶金
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）