In this study, an energy-efficient divided bipolar electrolysis system was developed for water softening, where two PTFE membranes were used as the separating materials and a bipolar electrode was employed to enhance the H 2 O-splitting reactions. As compared with other two operation modes, the optimum calcium harness removal efficiencies of 85% and 57% could be reached in the induction cathode effluent and terminal effluent, respectively, at 8 mA cm −2 in the mode A. Increasing the current density from 5 to 20 mA cm −2 evidently promoted the removal of calcium hardness from 33% to 65% in the terminal effluent and the CaCO 3 precipitation rate from 743 to 1462 gCaCO 3 h −1 m −2 with the increased energy consumption from 0.53 to 2.2 kWh kg −1 CaCO 3 . The optimized Ca 2+ /HCO 3 − molar ratio was 1:1.2 for the calcium hardness removal. In addition, increasing the flow rate into each cathode chamber from 10 to 40 mL min −1 gradually decreased from 67% to 35%. The calcium hardness was mainly removed in the forms of vaterite and calcite in the alkaline effluents and was marginally precipitated as aragonite and calcite on the cathodes surface. Generally, present energy-efficient electrochemical water softening system showed great potential for application in industrial processes.
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as a promising therapeutic modality for pancreatic cancer. However, traditional IRE techniques rely on high-voltage electric fields and require precise alignment of multiple electrodes, which complicates the procedure and increases associated risks. To address these challenges, we developed a novel “bipolar” IRE electrode that combines both the cathode and anode into a single device, simplifying the procedure and potentially reducing operational risks. Additionally, we incorporated a conductive metal–organic framework (MOF) to enhance the electric field distribution of the electric field, thereby improving the efficacy of tumor ablation. Mechanistic studies revealed that this combined approach induces tumor cell apoptosis and improves the consistency of ablation outcomes. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the bipolar electrode, in combination with the conductive MOF, achieved a significant apoptosis rate of 59.95% ± 2.41 in vitro and resulted in an 85.77% ± 0.21 reduction in tumor volume in in vivo models, without any adverse effects. This approach provides a more optimized and potentially more effective solution for treating pancreatic cancer.
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