FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
·
2023
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IF 5.3
Yueting Yao,Xianwu Zhong,Yong Zhou,Hongfeng Zhang,Dan Zhao,Weiwei Zhang,Yufei Liu,Jianxiong Xu,Chaojun Xie,Chao Yu,Yanyan Wang,Zihui Chen,Kuncai Chen,Jun Yuan
This research investigated the presence of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans (BGC) in wet rice and starch products, Tremella , and Auricularia auricula in Guangzhou, China. It examined BGC growth and bongkrekic acid (BA) production in wet rice noodles and vermicelli with varying rice flour, edible starch ratios, and oil concentrations. A qualitative analysis of 482 samples revealed a detection rate of 0.62%, with three positive for BGC. Rice flour-based wet rice noodles had BA concentrations of 13.67 ± 0.64 mg/kg, 2.92 times higher than 100% corn starch samples (4.68 ± 0.54 mg/kg). Wet rice noodles with 4% soybean oil had a BA concentration of 31.72 ± 9.41 mg/kg, 5.74 times higher than those without soybean oil (5.53 ± 1.23 mg/kg). The BA concentration correlated positively ( r = 0.707, P < 0.05) with BGC contamination levels. Low temperatures (4 °C and −18 °C) inhibited BGC growth and BA production, while higher storage temperatures (26 °C and 32 °C) promoted BGC proliferation and increased BA production. Reducing edible oil use and increasing edible starch can mitigate the risk of BGC-related food poisoning in wet rice noodles and vermicelli production. Further research is needed to find alternative oils that do not enhance BA production. Strengthening prevention and control measures is crucial across the entire production chain to address BGC contamination and BA production.
研究领域:
食品安全
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微生物学
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毒理学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2023
·
IF 13.6
Xue-Ming Cao,Li-Hua Li,Hong-Zhi Liang,Jia-Dong Li,Zi-Jian Chen,Lin Luo,Yi-Na Lu,Yu-Xin Zhong,Yu-Dong Shen,Hong-Tao Lei,Hong Wang,Zhen-Lin Xu
Bongkrekic acid (BA) is a mitochondrial toxin that causes high mortality but is often mistakenly categorized as other food poisonings. The immunoassay of BA is still challenging since the specific antibody is unavailable. In this work, a monoclonal antibody specific to BA was first generated and a dual-modular immunosensor for on-site and laboratory detection was established. The antibody showed good affinity (Kd=0.33 μM) and sensitivity (IC 50 =17.9 ng/mL in ELISA) with negligible cross-reactivity with common mycotoxins . In dual-modular conditions, fluorescence assay (FA) was conducted based on the inner filter effect of carbon dots (CDs) and oxidized 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), while the colorimetric assay (CA) was conducted using TMB 2+ -mediated rapid surface etching of gold nanostars (Au NSs). The proposed immunosensor showed good sensitivity and reproducibility to BA in food samples, with a limit of detection lower than 10 ng/mL and recovery ranging from 80.0% to 103.6%, which was in good consistence with that of standard LC-MS/MS. Overall, the proposed immunosensor is an ideal tool for screening BA contaminants in food with good sensitivity and high effectivity.
研究领域:
生物化学
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食品安全检测
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免疫学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ANALYTICAL LETTERS
·
2024
·
IF 1.6
Hui-Ling Wu,Jing Chen,Fei Pan,Qi-Sheng Xia,Shi-Wei Zhang,Xue-Jian Chen,Rong-Hu Feng,Gui-Hong Zhang,Lei Liu,Xin-Tian Lai,Pan Tan
Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans is a pathogenic bacterium that causes the poisoning of fermented rice products. Its isomeric products, bongkrekic acid (BA) and isobongkrekic acid (IBA), have become popular research topics. In this study, we developed a heterologous-coating strategy for high-sensitivity indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (icELISA) for BA and IBA using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The optimized procedure exhibited an IC50 of 5.49 ng/mL, a limit of detection of 0.99 ng/mL, and a linear range from 2.12 to 14.21 ng/mL. Notably, this method exhibited negligible cross-reactivity to other small toxins, and the recoveries of the samples, including rice noodles, Auricularia auricula, and flat rice noodles, ranged from 92.0%–111.9%, 105.6%–115.0%, and 83.2%–109.0%, respectively, with coefficients of variation below 12%. A comparison of the recoveries of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and icELISA demonstrated that the developed approach provides good accuracy and reliability. Overall, the simple preparation of IBA combined with the suitability of icELISA for high-throughput analysis is efficient and cost-effective, making it suitable for routine screening of food.
研究领域:
食品科学
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微生物学
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分析化学
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毒理学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Advances in Sample Preparation
·
2024
·
IF 5.2
Chunfei Zhong,Xinyan Li,Fan Zhang,Ning Liu,Jiewei Deng,Yunyun Yang,Tiangang Luan
In this study, a novel methodology has been developed for the rapid and sensitive analysis of bongkrekic acid (BA), a highly toxic bacterial metabolite, using a molecularly imprinted polymer-coated wooden-tip coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MIPWT-ESI-MS). A MIPWT solid phase microextraction (SPME) probe specifically tailored for BA was fabricated, by employing dummy template molecules/functional monomers in the imprinting coating modification. This approach exhibits an enrichment factor (EF) of 683 ± 53 for efficient extraction of BA from aqueous matrices, demonstrating the utility of dummy templates in enhancing the selectivity and sensitivity of the MIPWT-ESI-MS method. The analytical performance of the MIPWT-ESI-MS method was evaluated, demonstrating a desirable linear correlation ( r = 0.9988), along with remarkable sensitivity by a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) at 0.05 μg/L and 0.16 μg/L in pure water, respectively. Additionally, the method demonstrated high repeatability with a relative standard deviation (RSD) < 3.9 % ( n = 6) and reproducibility with an RSD < 13.4 %. The practical application of the method was confirmed through the successful analysis of real-world samples, including tap water, wastewater from a food processing factory, and the aqueous extracts of food samples, with BA detected at 0.296 µg/L in Tremella . Spiking experiments further validated the accuracy of the method, with recoveries ranging from 81 % to 97 %. This study integrates MIP with ambient mass spectrometry, offering a robust, selective, and sensitive tool for the monitoring of trace BA levels in complex food and environmental samples, contributing significantly to public health safety and food quality control.
研究领域:
分析化学
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食品安全
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环境科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ANALYTICAL LETTERS
·
2026
·
IF 1.8
Shibei Shao,Li Nan,Rui Liu,Yingjie Zhang,Yantong Pan,Kai Wen,Xuezhi Yu,Jianzhong Shen,Zhanhui Wang
Bongkrekic acid (BA) is a fatal bacterial toxin produced by Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans (B. gladioli cocovenenans). Rapid and sensitive monitoring of BA occurrence in food and immediate treatment after poisoning by effective antidotes is highly demanded for food and public safety. In this work, a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2A9 against BA with a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 1.7 μg/L was prepared and employed to establish an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) for BA determination, with limits of detection ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 μg/kg in rice, tremella, wet rice noodles, and black fungus. Furthermore, the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of mAb 2A9 was prepared to provide insights into its potential drug developability of as antidotes. Molecular recognition analysis revealed that the key residues involved in BA binding were GLY-103 and ILE-38 in the heavy chain and PHE-101 in the light chain, with hydrophobic interactions playing a predominant role. Virtual mutagenesis further suggested that VAL-99 in the heavy chain and GLN-95 in the light chain represent promising mutation sites for evolving scFvs with enhanced affinity to BA. In addition, the potential bioconjugation sites among the three carboxyl groups of BA were identified based on antibody-BA recognition analysis.
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高影响因子
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
·
2025
·
IF 6
Bin Wang,Xue-Ming Cao,Ting-Ting Yun,Xiao-Min Liang,Yi-Na Lu,Yu-Xin Zhong,Zhen-Lin Xu
Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) has emerged as a promising alternative to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) due to its facile extraction, higher yield, and greater tolerance to organic solvents. This work developed a selective IgY antibody against bongkrekic acid (BA) and isobongkrekic acid (IsoBA), the lethal toxins produced by Burkholderia gladioli pv. Cocovenenans (BGC), which led to severe food poisoning incidents and resulted in casualties. In detail, the purified cBA was first conjugated with a carrier protein to generate an immunogen and immunized hens, followed by an optimized purification protocol, attaining a high-affinity anti-BA IgY with minimal cross-reactivity. Based on the obtained anti-BA IgY, a rapid and sensitive immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed and integrated with a smartphone. The linear range of ICA was 0.72–4.41 μg/kg with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.42 μg/kg. Recovery rates ranged from 82.2 % to 106.4 % in spiked rice flour, agaric, and tremella, and there was no statistically significant deviation from results obtained by LC-MS/MS in blind samples. Compared to mAb-based ICAs, IgY-based ICAs offer some significant advantages, including a non-invasive production process that adheres to ethical animal welfare standards, high production yields, and exceptional tolerance to organic solvents. These attributes position IgY as a viable alternative for future commercial ICA development.
研究领域:
免疫学
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食品安全
·
分析化学
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微生物学
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生物技术
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization
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2025
·
IF 3.3
Zhong Shu-Rui,Li Yun,Lai Yu-Ping,Luo Er-Lun,Wang Jie,Chen Jing,Du Ye-Gang
Non-targeted metabolomics was employed to analyze metabolites in wet rice noodles fermented by Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans (BGC) to explore the potential formation of bongkrekic acid (BA). Three groups were incubated for 72 h: the pathogenic strain BGC 83756-inoculated group, the non-pathogenic strain Burkholderia gladioli (BG) 10574-inoculated group, and a blank control (BK) group. Metabolite dynamics were monitored using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS/MS). BA was not detected in either the BK group or the BG 10574-fermented group during incubation. In contrast, BA was first detected in the BGC 83756-inoculated group at 16 h of fermentation and reached a concentration of approximately 4,800 μg/kg in the late stages of culture. A total of 723 and 606 metabolites were identified in negative and positive ion modes, respectively. Differential metabolites, including BA, α-dimorphecolic acid, and calystegine B 5 , were significantly upregulated in the BGC 83756-fermented group compared to the BG 10574-fermented group. Conversely, sinapic acid, saccharopine, 2-methylbutyrylglycine, and 2-keto-6-acetamidocaproate were significantly downregulated. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the BA biosynthetic pathway generally aligned with the bon gene cluster predictions, except for β-branching events.
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高影响因子
Frontiers in Chemistry
·
2025
·
IF 4.2
Lingguo Zhao,Ronggui Lv,Jiang Song,Xi Chen,Lei Lei,Weixian Zeng,Miaowen She,Dabing Li,Xiaxia Yu,Zhanguo Liu,Xiao Wang,Yong Liu
A UPLC-MS/MS method with one-step extraction and simultaneous determination of bongkrekic acid (BA) and dehydroacetic acid (DHA) in rice noodles has been established in this study for the first time. The extraction solvent consisted of a mixture of methanol, ammonia, and water. Electrospray ionization negative ion mode (ESI-) was used for multiple reaction detection and external standard method was used for quantitative determination. The method demonstrated a good linearity range of 0–50 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9998 for BA, and showed a linearity range of 0∼500 ng/mL with r of 0.9993 for DHA. The limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be 0.1 μg/kg for BA and 0.6 μg/kg for DHA. Additionally, the method exhibited good recovery of 90.1%∼105.4% for BA and 80.4%∼102% for DHA. Meanwhile, the method also exhibited good precision with RSD of 0.4%∼7.5% for BA, and with RSD of 4.5%∼11.4% for DHA. Furthermore, the established method was sucessfully applied to the analysis of rice noodles from two production enterprises. BA was detected in one rice noodle sample and DHA was detected in 7 rice noodle samples in the enterprises A which was the manufacturer of food consumed by the poisoned patient. To investigate the cause of death of the poisoned patient, the toxigenic bacterium Burkholderia gladiolus was isolated and cultured to produce BA. The results showed that the established method could also be used to qualitatively screen BA and its isomer isobongkrekic acid (IBA) in GVC enrichment broth, potato glucose agar and rice sample, which facilitates a rapid and accurate judgement of whether the isolated bacterium strain produces BA. With high sensitivity and accuracy, and simple sample pretreatment, the proposed method shows potential for safety assessment of the entire production process of rice-derived products, addressing a significant public health concern.
研究领域:
食品安全
·
分析化学
·
微生物学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD CONTROL
·
2022
·
IF 6.652
Yuqi Zhang,Siyu Hou,Huilin Song,Xi Luo,Dan Wu,Feng Zheng,Wenyuan Liu,Shunli Ji
This article describes the visual detection of bongkrekic acid (BA) by cysteamine modified gold nanoparticles (CS-AuNPs) as colorimetric probes. Polycarboxyl structured BA induces the aggregation of CS-AuNPs through electrostatic interaction, which results in the color change of CS-AuNPs from wine-red to blue-violet. The ratio of absorbance at 650 nm and 524 nm (A 650 /A 524 ) increases linearly in the 0.18–1.64 μM BA concentration range, and the detection limit is 3.43 nM. Moreover, when combined with solid phase extraction (SPE), the method can also be used for specific detection of BA in complex food matrix (tremella). The recoveries in urine, serum, and tremella ranged from 89.31% to 109.63%. Interestingly, a smartphone application (APP) was applied to identify the R, G, and B values of the solution, and the quantitative curve was established by calculating the gray value. This approach was then used to quantify the BA in the sample solution. The linear range of APP detecting is 0.10 μM–1.44 μM and the detection limit is 12.33 nM. This method can be used not only for food safety monitoring, but also for preliminary clinical screening of BA poisoning.
研究领域:
分析化学
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食品科学
·
毒理学
·
生物技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Foods
·
2026
·Vol. 15
·期 10
·1749
·
IF 6
Xingdong Yang,Chenchen Wang,Lihua Wu,Yutong Cao,Yinuo Zhu,Keshi Ma,Zhonghua Liu,Xiaofei Hu
Bongkrekic acid (BKA) is a potent respiratory toxin produced byPseudomonas cocovenenans. This toxin is commonly found in spoiled fermented rice- and wheat-based products, snow fungus, and black fungus and can cause severe foodborne illness. The development of a rapid onsite detection method can effectively prevent food poisoning incidents and ensure food safety. In this study, a highly specific anti-BKA monoclonal antibody was prepared, the reaction conditions were optimized, and an indirect competitive chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunoassay (ic-CLEIA) system was developed for high-throughput screening of BKA in food. The results showed that the ic-CLEIA had good linearity in the range of 7.3–106.6 pg/mL, a limit of detection of 4.7 pg/mL, a limit of quantification of 7.3 pg/mL, a half-maximal inhibition concentration of 28.2 pg/mL, a spike recovery of 86.6–94.1%, a coefficient of variation of less than 10%, and no cross-reactivity with structural analogs. There was no significant difference between the detection results obtained with ic-CLEIA and ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the samples. This method provides reliable technical support for food safety monitoring, especially for grassroots laboratories and large-scale sample screening.
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PubMed
高影响因子
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