Jin Jia,Aiguo Zhou,Yuanyuan Zhu,Jiang Liu,Shihao Feng,Yufan Tao,Baoling Xing,Chuanxiang Zhang
Carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) with hierarchical pore structure are prepared from commercial TiC powders by chlorination at temperature range of 600–1100°C. As-synthesized CDCs mainly consist of amorphous carbon and there exists a graphitization trend at chlorinating temperature above 800°C. If chlorinating temperature is below 1000°C, CDC particles maintain the shape of original TiC particles. Above 1000°C, obvious cracks appear in CDC particles and some particles are broken into small parts. The specific surface area (SSA) of CDCs is in the range from 672 m2/g to 1609 m2/g. The highest SSA is 1609 m2/g for CDC chlorinated at 1000°C. Most pores in these CDCs are micropores with the size of 0.7–2 nm. However, some mesopores and macropores also exist.
Although biomaterials are widely utilized in clinics, it still follows the “one-fits-all” strategy. Biological variables such as age and sexuality have an impact on the host immune response and are not fully considered in the practice guidelines of the biomaterial implantation . In this study, we investigated the immuno-material interactions of six commonly used biomaterials (agarose, alginate , chitosan, CMC , GelMA and collagen type I) and constructed a population (with different ages and sexes) based transcriptome atlas. Protein and polysaccharide-based biomaterials elicited distinctive immune responses that protein-based materials preferred the NKT pathway to activate innate and adaptive immune response, whereas polysaccharide-based materials activated the cDCs to present antigen. The atlas further revealed the sex/age-related variabilities on the immune response followed by the polysaccharide treatment. As for sex bias, alginate and agarose stimulation significantly increased the proportion of naive CD4 + T cells in the female group, accompanied by the Th1 differentiation tendency, compared to the male group. Age-biased transcript showed alginate and chitosan would impair the extracellular matrix remodeling and up-regulate the apoptosis process in the elderly groups, compared to the young group. More attentions on the ingredient, age and sexuality effect of biomaterial implants should be paid during the clinical practice, especially for the polysaccharide-based materials. This experimental result is of great significance for the selection of biomaterials, particularly the blood contact materials, such as vessel or cardiac device, drug vehicles and hemostatic materials.
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