Jia Li,Yan Wang,Xin Zheng,Ying Zhang,Changshan Sun,Yikun Gao,Tongying Jiang,Siling Wang
Mesoporous silica nanotubes (SNT) were synthesized using hard template carbon nanotubes (CNT) with the aid of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in a method, which was simple and inexpensive. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and specific surface area analysis were employed to characterize the morphology and structure of SNT, and the formation mechanism of SNT was also examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. There are few published reports of the mesoporous SNT with large specific surface area applied in the drug delivery systems to improve the amount of drug loading. In addition, the structure of SNT allows investigators to control the drug particle size in the pore channels and significantly increase the drug dissolution rate. The insoluble drug, cilostazol, was chosen as a model drug to be loaded into SNT and we developed a simple and efficient method for regulating the drug release by using a gelatin coating with different thicknesses around the SNT. The release rate was adjusted by the amount of gelatin surrounding the SNT, with an increased barrier leading to a reduction in the release rate. A model developed on the basis of the Weibull modulus was established to fit the release results.
Controlling crystallization in fully miscible solvent systems remains challenging due to the absence of stable interfaces and the resulting rapid interdiffusion of solutes. This leads to poorly regulated mass transfer and uncontrolled nucleation behavior, limiting the ability to engineer particle properties. Here, we report a crystallization strategy based on the formation of a transient interfacial phase induced by glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in an ethanol–water miscible system. This dynamic phase acts as a temporary mass transfer regulator, reducing molecular diffusion and modifying local supersaturation evolution during cilostazol (CLZ) crystallization. The presence of this interfacial modulation alters crystallization kinetics, leading to a shift from uncontrolled nucleation to regulated pathway involving delayed nucleation and selective crystal growth. As a result, uniform spherulitic particles with narrow size distribution (2.13 μm, PDI = 0.103) are obtained. These particles show improved flowability, higher aerosol deposition efficiency (45%), and enhanced dissolution behavior. In situ analysis and molecular simulations indicate that crystallization behavior is strongly coupled with transient mass transfer resistance at the interface. The improved particle properties can be directly attributed to controlled transport and crystallization kinetics under interfacial modulation. This work demonstrates a general approach to regulate crystallization in miscible systems via dynamic control of interfacial transport, providing a process-oriented strategy for particle engineering of poorly soluble compounds.
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