FOOD CHEMISTRY
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2020
·
IF 6.306
Wanbao Ouyang,Xin Liu,Yanling Wang,Zhibing Huang,Xiujiang Li
Monascus , which is traditionally used in various Asian industries, produces several secondary metabolites during the fermentation process, including citrinin, a toxin whose impact limits the development of the Monascus industry. We have previously found that the addition of 2.0 g/L genistein to Monascus medium reduces citrinin production by approximately 80%. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms whereby genistein affects citrinin production. We sequenced the Monascus genome and performed transcriptome analysis on genistein-treated and -untreated groups. Comparison between the two groups showed 378 downregulated and 564 upregulated genes. Among the latter, we further examined the genes related to citrinin biosynthesis and quantified them using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Genes orf5 , pksCT , orf3 , orf1 , orf6 , and ctnE were significantly downregulated, demonstrating that genistein addition indeed affects citrinin synthesis. Our results may lay the groundwork for substantial improvements in the Monascus fermentation industry.
研究领域:
微生物学
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分子生物学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Frontiers in Marine Science
·
2022
·
IF 5.247
Chen Shanji,Tian Danmei,Wei Jihua,Li Cong,Ma Yihan,Gou Xiaoshuang,Shen Yiran,Chen Mei,Zhang Sihao,Li Jia,Wu Bin,Tang Jinshan
Two new citrinin dimers bearing a 6,6-spiroketal moiety (1 and 2) and four known analogues (3–6), together with 18 known citrinin monomers (7–24), were isolated from the culture of hydrothermal vent-associated fungus Penicillium citrinum Y34. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analyses, 13C NMR calculation in combination with DP4+, linear correlation coefficient (R2), and mean absolute error (MAE) values analyses, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. The α-glucosidase and ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitory activities of isolated compounds were evaluated. Compounds 1, 3, and 12 displayed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 239.8, 176.2, and 424.4 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics investigations of 1 and 3 suggested their non-competitive inhibition of α-glucosidase with Ki values of 204.3 and 212.7 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, compound 4 showed significant ACL inhibitory potential with an IC50 value of 17.4 μM. Furthermore, the interactions of 1, 3, and 12 with α-glucosidase and 4 with ACL were investigated by molecular docking assay. This study demonstrates that citrinins, especially for their dimers, could be potential lead compounds for the development of new agents for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
研究领域:
药理学
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生物化学
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代谢疾病研究
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
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2020
·
IF 4.192
Zhongyu Li,Yan Mao,Jianwen Teng,Ning Xia,Li Huang,Baoyao Wei,Qingjin Chen
Citrinin (CIT), a known nephrotoxic mycotoxin, is mainly produced by Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus species. It is a natural contaminant in cereal grains, foods, and feedstuff. Liupao tea (or Liubao tea) is a typical Chinese dark tea obtained via indigenous tea fermentation facilitated by microorganisms. Certain fungi present in Liupao tea that may produce CIT are a potential threat to consumer health. In the present study, various potential toxigenic mycoflora and the natural occurrence of CIT in Liupao tea were surveyed via the culture-dependent method, high performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection (HPLC–FLD), and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Total mold counts ranged from 3.5 × 102 CFU/g to 2.1 × 106 CFU/g tea in 28 tea samples. A total of 218 fungal isolates belonging to five genera and 23 species were identified. Some of these strains, such as Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium citrinum, and Penicillium chrysogenum, may potentially be a CIT-producing species. In addition, 32.7% of 113 Liupao tea samples were contaminated with CIT at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 206.1 μg/kg. These CIT concentrations in Liupao tea are chiefly attributed to climatic conditions and water activity during storage that favor fungal proliferation and mycotoxin production. However, CIT could not be detected in Liupao tea stored for over 10 years. These results provide the first information about the potential toxigenic mycoflora and natural occurrence of CIT in Liupao tea. Therefore, storage conditions and fungal community must be monitored to ensure the quality of Liupao tea.
研究领域:
食品安全
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微生物学
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植物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Food Bioscience
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2019
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IF 3.22
Weilu Guo,Mouming Zhao,Qingjin Chen,Li Huang,Yan Mao,Ning Xia,Jianwen Teng,Baoyao Wei
The ability of a strain to produce citrinin was analysed in the growth inhibition zone using HPLC and UHPLC–MS. A total of 12 Penicillium citrinum strains isolated from Liupao tea were inoculated onto tea leaves and their capability for citrinin production were studied using different water content (15–45%) and temperatures (15–40 °C). The results provided a theoretical base for the safe manufacture of Liupao tea. Five strains of P. citrinum produced a clear growth inhibition zone with diameters of 11–22 mm. The citrinin contents in the liquid cultures of the 12 strains of P. citrinum ranged from 0.03 to 14.5 μg/mL. The citrinin contents of the teas with initial water content of 15 and 25% and those inoculated with P. citrinum were below the limit of detection during the fermentation. The citrinin content of the teas with initial water contents of 35 and 45% at 25 °C increased rapidly at first and then decreased during the fermentation. Similarly, the citrinin contents of the teas at 15 and 25 °C rapidly increased and then decreased. Meanwhile, P . citrinum was unable to produce citrinin at 35 and 40 °C. The optimum conditions were 45% water and 25 °C, generating the highest citrinin yield of 181 ng/g, which was higher than the limit of 50 ng/g citrinin in red yeast rice that can cause harm to human health. The highest citrinin yield in tea fermented for 50 days was 34.8 ng/g for stored teas with proper conditions. Therefore, storing teas with a low water content and temperature can reduce the content of citrinin.
研究领域:
食品科学
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微生物学
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DOI
高影响因子
ANALYTICAL LETTERS
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2020
·
IF 1.467
Min Sun,Suwen Li,Jiahao Xu,Yibin Zhou,Ruiyan Fu
Citrinin (CIT)—an established public health threat—is a frequent component of red fermented rice (RFR). Although various quantitative techniques have been developed to detect citrinin in red fermented rice, most of these methods require expensive equipment and specially trained personnel. In this study, a simple and accurate spectrofluorimetric method was developed for detecting citrinin in red fermented rice. The proposed method is based on the measurement of native fluorescence of citrinin in methanol (pH 1.5) at an emission wavelength of 485 nm following excitation at 330 nm. The effect of quenching agents on red fermented rice samples was reduced to negligible levels by highly diluting the sample extraction solutions. The linearity was confirmed over the range from 0 to 0.15 μg/ml, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of citrinin in the red fermented rice samples were 1.0 and 3.0 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method showed intra- and inter-day precision levels from 1.0% to 3.8% and recovery values between 91.6% and 95.0% at fortified levels from 10 to 100 mg/kg. The proposed method offers a good alternative to expensive high-performance liquid chromatography methods and can be used for the quality control of red fermented rice products under ordinary experimental conditions.
研究领域:
食品科学
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分析化学
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毒理学
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DOI
高影响因子
Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing
·
2022
·Vol. 2
·期 4
·634-642
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IF 0
Zhou Hengrui,Gao Song,Zeng Weizhu,Deng Zhenshan,Zhou Jingwen
Citrinin is a common mycotoxin produced by different fungi. Although considerable endeavors have been made to increase citrinin output to meet the requirements of research and industrial needs, few methods are effective, owing to potential safety concerns and technical limitations. In this study, a blue fungus that produces a yellow pigment was isolated from Ziziphus jujuba . The strain was then identified as Penicillium citrinum and named HR-087. Preparative liquid chromatography was used to extract the yellow pigment. Both LC–MS and NMR assays showed that it was citrinin. To enhance the citrinin production of this strain, the culture medium was optimized through orthogonal experiments, as well as batch and fed-batch process. The final titer and productivity of citrinin reached 9.62 g/L and 0.1 g/(L × h), respectively. The high titer achieved indicates the possibility of large-scale production of high purity citrinin for low-cost supply for both academic and diagnostic analysis standard.
研究领域:
微生物学
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生物技术
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天然产物化学
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发酵工程
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DOI
PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 80
·期 1
·133-148
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IF 4.1
Qian Yang,Yanjing Guo,He Wang,Zhi Luo,Ying Chen,Mengyun Jiang,Huan Lu,Bernal E. Valverde,Sheng Qiang,Reto Jörg Strasser,Shiguo Chen
BACKGROUND Bioherbicides are becoming more attractive as safe weed control tools towards sustainable agriculture. Natural products constitute an important source chemicals and chemical leads for discovery and development of novel pesticide target sites. Citrinin is a bioactive compound produced by fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus . However, its physiological-biochemical mechanism as a phytotoxin remains unclear. RESULTS Citrinin causes visible leaf lesions on Ageratina adenophora similar to those produced by the commercial herbicide bromoxynil. Phytotoxicity bioassay tests using 24 plant species confirmed that citrinin has a broad activity spectrum and therefore has potential as a bioherbicide. Based on chlorophyll fluorescence studies, citrinin mainly blocks PSII electron flow beyond plastoquinone Q A at the acceptor side, resulting in the inactivation of PSII reaction centers. Furthermore, molecular modeling of citrinin docking to the A. adenophora D1 protein suggests that it binds to the plastoquinone Q B site by a hydrogen bond between the O1 hydroxy oxygen atom of citrinin and the histidine 215 of the D1 protein, the same way as classical phenolic PSII herbicides do. Finally, 32 new citrinin derivatives were designed and sorted according to free energies on the basis of the molecular model of an interaction between the citrinin molecule and the D1 protein. Five of the modeled compounds had much higher ligand binding affinity within the D1 protein compared with lead compound citrinin. CONCLUSION Citrinin is a novel natural PSII inhibitor that has the potential to be developed into a bioherbicide or utilized as a lead compound for discovery of new derivatives with high herbicidal potency. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
研究领域:
植物学
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农业科学
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分子生物学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
·
2022
·
IF 3.857
Meilin Wei,Solairaj Dhanasekaran,Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea,Esa Abiso Godana,Xiaoyun Zhang,Qiya Yang,Xiangfeng Zheng,Hongyin Zhang
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a widespread mycotoxin contaminant in food and feed, threatens human and animal safety and causes significant economic losses. The aims of the present study were to investigate the elimination properties of Cryptococcus podzolicus Y3 on OTA and its co-degradation efficiency on citrinin (CIT) and OTA. C . podzolicus Y3 eliminated 100% OTA (1 μg/mL) in the PM media within 5 d and in grape juice media within 3 d by intracellular substances. The results of HPLC-FLD and LC-MS showed that OTA was efficiently eliminated into non-toxic ochratoxin α (OTα). The substances responsible for OTA degradation were thermostable and worked effectively at 4 °C and 28 °C, and intracellular proteins were participated in the elimination of OTA. In addition, the results showed that C. podzolicus Y3 degraded OTA and CIT together in NYDB media, although the degradation efficiency was lower than single mycotoxin degradation. Generally, our study highlighted that C. podzolicus Y3 could be a potential strain to eliminate OTA and CIT to secure food products and enhance food safety.
研究领域:
食品科学
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毒理学
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微生物学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
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2020
·
IF 2.34
Minghui Li,Zaikang Tong,Xingjun Gao,Lijun Zhang,Sha Li
In the present study, a simple and fast method for simultaneous detection of zearalenone, citrinin, and ochratoxin A utilising capillary zone electrophoresis with an ultraviolet detector was developed. The optimised approach was validated and applied using pepper samples. The proposed method yielded satisfactory linearity between the signal and the mycotoxin concentration in the range of 1.5–150 μg/kg for zearalenone, 4.5–150 μg/kg for citrinin, and 0.8–150 μg/kg for ochratoxin A. The limits of detection for these mycotoxins ranged from 0.3 to 1.5 μg/kg. The corresponding intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 3.5 % and 4.1 %, respectively. Moreover, the matrix effect was also assessed and the result was compared using the capillary zone electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. The developed approach could be used for simultaneous detection of zearalenone, citrinin, and ochratoxin A in pepper.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
分析化学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
·
2016
·Vol. 25
·期 4
·1115-1122
·
IF 0.699
Feng Yanli,Chen Wanping,Chen Fusheng
Monacolin K (MK) produced by Monascus spp. is mostly used to regulate cholesterol level, while it can be contaminated by citrinin, a mycotoxin yielded by some Monascus strains. To develop production of citrinin-free MK, an M . sp. MS-1 strain, identified as M. pilosus by morphologies and internal transcribed spacer sequences analysis, was isolated from red fermented rice. After 14 days of fermentation, yields of citrinin-free MK could be up to 0.58 mg/mL and 16.45 mg/g in liquid- and solidstate fermentation products under optimal conditions, respectively. Further determination revealed that no citrinin biosynthesis related genes such as ctnA , pksCT , ctnE , and ctnR were detected. Thus, HPLC combined with citrinin-related gene analyses can be used for rapid screening of non-citrinin production Monascus strains.
研究领域:
微生物学
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药学
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生物技术
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
·
2020
·
IF 4.972
Shanshan He,Yanling Wang,Jianhua Xie,Heng Gao,Xiujiang Li,Zhibing Huang
Monascus comprises purple-red molds. Various compounds can be obtained from these species, including statins and food-safe yellow, red, and orange pigments. However, the secondary metabolite citrinin, a mycotoxin, is produced during the late stages of growth. Citrinin biosynthesis should be reduced to apply Monascus pigments safely. Fortunately, this can be achieved by the addition of flavonoids (genistein, daidzein, apigenin, and kaempferol). However, the effects of these flavonoids on other metabolites remain unknown. Here, we report a 1 H NMR-based multivariate metabolomic analysis of the effects of flavonoids on mycotoxin citrinin production by Monascus . Fifteen metabolites involved in lysine and arginine biosynthesis and alanine, aspartate, glutamate, biotin, arginine, proline, and glutathione metabolism were detected. The reduction in glutamate, aspartate, biotin, and 2-phosphoglycerate content suggested their association with the citrinin reduction mechanism. This study identifies the citrinin production pathway in Monascus and will aid in the development of citrinin-control methods.
研究领域:
微生物学
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代谢组学
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食品科学
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DOI
高影响因子
ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY
·
2026
·Vol. 208
·期 12
·650
·
IF 3.4
Sun Jiayin,Ruan Yuji,Liang Yuqing,Gao Kexin,Yang Chun,Tan Shaobo,Luo Yuexin,Zhang Lingyun,Liu Zhusheng,Li Haiyun
Liupao tea, a type of dark tea produced through pile fermentation, is susceptible to contamination by mycotoxin citrinin (CIT), posing significant health risks due to its nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic properties. In this study, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa LWJJ06, isolated from Liupao tea fermentation samples, completely degraded 10~ 100 µg/mL of CIT within 48 h under optimized conditions (28 °C, pH: 4.0, inoculum size: 1 × 10 7 CFU/mL). Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses suggested that extensive metabolic adjustments accompanied CIT degradation, including apparent reallocation of energy resources, responses indicative of oxidative stress, and changes in membrane lipid profiles potentially linked to toxin transport. Two key degradation products, dihydrocitrinin and dihydrocitrinone, were tentatively identified, and the degradation pathway was preliminarily elucidated with reduced cytotoxicity confirmed. The cell counting kit-8 cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the degradation products were significantly less toxic to alpha mouse liver 12 cells than CIT. These findings highlighted the potential of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa LWJJ06 as a probiotic agent for mycotoxin mitigation in food systems, offering a sustainable strategy and theoretical basis for controlling mycotoxin in Liupao tea.
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DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）