RSC Advances
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 42
·35109-35114
·
IF 4.6
Xiaoyan Zhang,Qisheng Zhang,Yunshu Zhao,Guiying Li,Tiying Jiang,Zhirong Suo,Shanhu Sun,Li Su
The oxygen balance (OB) of energetic materials plays a critical role in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of energy release during combustion or detonation. To enhance the OB and comprehensive properties of 3-picrylamino-1,2,4-triazole (PATO), which is a high-energy and low-sensitivity explosive, this study employed a self-assembly strategy to combine nitric acid with PATO, resulting in a novel 3-picrylamino-1,2,4-triazole-nitric acid self-assembled energetic material (PATO-N). Its structure was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and the thermal decomposition properties and impact sensitivity were measured. The detonation performances were predicted by EXPLO5 and the OB was calculated based on its molecular formula. The results indicate that the self-assembly of PATO and HNO3 effectively enhanced the explosive's OB (−67.7% to −44.6%)and promoted the completeness of the detonation reaction. PATO-N exhibits good thermal stability with an improved decomposition temperature of 315.9 °C. Its theoretical detonation velocity is 7.8 km s−1, while the detonation pressure is 25.2 Gpa. PATO-N exhibited an impact sensitivity (H50) exceeding 112.2 cm, classifying it as an insensitive energetic material.
研究领域:
材料科学
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含能材料化学
·
晶体工程
·
热力学分析
·
爆炸物理
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2022
·Vol. 48
·期 3
·e202200277
·
IF 2.134
Yang-Fan Cheng,Yu-Le Yao,Dan-Yi Li,Zi-Han Li,Ying-Kang Yao
To study the effects of boron powders on the detonation performance of emulsion explosives, the explosion temperature field, shock wave parameters and explosion heat of emulsion explosives were studied. The differences of boron powders with and without microcapsule cladding on improving the explosion performance were also discussed. Experimental results showed that, when the mass ratio of boron powders increased from 0 to 20 mass %, the average explosion temperature, explosion pressure, positive impulse and explosion heat of boron-containing emulsion explosives increased at first and then decreased. When the content of boron powders was 16 mass %, the average explosion temperature, explosion pressure, positive impulse and explosion heat of emulsion explosives reached their maximum values of 2521 K, 0.0385 MPa, 7.11 Pa ⋅ s and 6335 kJ/kg, which were 22.2 %, 30.1 %, 43.0 % and 42.1 % higher than those of the pure emulsion explosive (Sample A), respectively. Furthermore, the explosion temperature, positive impulse and explosion heat of emulsion explosive with boron powder-microcapsule (Sample B5) were up to 2648 K, 7.65 Pa ⋅ s and 6694 kJ/kg, increased by 5.0 %, 7.6 % and 5.7 % when compared with those of emulsion explosive with 16 mass % boron powders (Sample B3). Therefore, micro-encapsulation technology could improve the detonation performance of boron-containing emulsion explosives, which would be helpful to the formula design of high energy emulsion explosives.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
爆炸力学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers
·
2023
·Vol. 10
·期 16
·4773-4779
·
IF 7
Tingwei Wang,Chao Zhang,Zujia Lu,Baolong Kuang,Zhiming Xie,Zhenxin Yi,Yan Li,Jianguo Zhang
In order to resolve the conflict between mechanical sensitivity and explosive performance, we utilized a retro-synthesis approach to design and synthesize the ligand 1H-imidazole-4-carbohydrazide (4-IMCA) and the complex Cu(4-IMCA)2(ClO4)2 (ECC-1). The structure of the product was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and elemental analysis. The results showed that the physicochemical stability of ECC-1 was improved, including thermal stability (Td = 200 °C), mechanical sensitivity (IS = 3 J, FS = 7 N), and explosive performance. Moreover, laser ignition (P = 22 W, τ = 3 ms, E = 66 mJ) and lead plate damage tests showed that the detonation ability of ECC-1 was not compromised.
研究领域:
化学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energetic Materials
·
2024
·
IF 1.7
Shijiao Li,Kai Han,Haoxing Cao,Fubing Gao,Yurong Zhang,Handong Shi,Xiaoying Cheng,Chongwei An,Jingyu Wang
Using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) aqueous solution and polyethyleneimine (PEI) ethanol solution as the composite bonding system, adding a certain amount of silicone defoamer and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), studied the micro-size charge forming effect of sub-micron Octogen (HMX)-based composite ink under the 3D direct writing printing process and the detonation performance and safety of sub-micron Octogen (HMX) under micro-size charges. The results show that the explosive ink with a solid content (quality score) of 90% has the best rheological properties, excellent printability, and the surface of the molded sample is smooth. The impact energy and friction of the molded sample are 7 J and 324 N, respectively, which are lower than those of the raw material HMX 100% and 237.5%, showing excellent mechanical sensitivity safety performance. In addition, XRD and FTIR show that the HMX crystal form in the composite ink remains β-type, the measured density of the molded sample is 1.432 g·cm−1, the detonation velocity is 6982 m·s−1, and the critical detonation size is 1 × 0.0771 mm, showing excellent microchannel detonation performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Yun-Fan Yan,Yu Shang,Ming-Yu Guo,Shao-Li Chen,Meng Cui,Zhi-Hong Yu,Wei-Xiong Zhang,Xiao-Ming Chen
Perovskite-type (ABX 3 ) oxidizer-fuel-integrated structures have been employed as a reliable platform for one-pot non-covalent assembly of emerging multi-ionic integrated explosives (MIXs) directly from non-energetic organics. Exploring non-perovskite structures to overcome the stoichiometric bottleneck is critical for unlocking design flexibility of these emerging materials, yet remains challenging without guiding principles. Herein, we propose a “interpenetrating dual networks” strategy to design a groundbreaking MIX, (H 2 eda) 2 (NH 4 )(ClO 4 ) 5 (EAP-4, H 2 eda 2+ = ethane-1,2-diaminium). In EAP-4, a scheelite-type network, where NH 4 + and ClO 4 − occupy special positions, interpenetrates with its fluorite-type counterpart (H 2 eda 2+ and the remaining ClO 4 − ions), forming a non-perovskite I 4 1 / a structure. This unique structural feature endows EAP-4 with exceptional positive oxygen balance based on CO 2 (+6.3 %, surpassing all known energetic perovskites), high synthesis efficiency (achieving over 70 % yield within 10 mins), and a high crystal density of 1.912 g·cm −3 . This innovative design establishes EAP-4 as a dual-function material: (1) an explosive with superior synthesis scalability and higher detonation capability than the widely used military explosive cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX); (2) a solid oxidizer with 24.5-fold higher thermal decomposition efficiency and significantly greater aluminum reactivity compared to the benchmark oxidizer ammonium perchlorate (AP). This work not only provides a non-perovskite paradigm for tuning energetic materials but also facilitates the systematic development of multi-ionic hybrid materials.
研究领域:
含能材料
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材料化学
·
无机固态化学
·
炸药工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Handong Shi,Shijiao Li,Kai Han,Chuanhao Xu,Lei Gao,Fan Liao,Yanpeng Lv,Yurong Zhang,Chongwei An
This study presents a strategy for developing CL-20 (Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzita-ne)-based energetic composites with enhanced mechanical properties and intrinsic safety through the synergistic design of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) /PAA (polyacrylic acid) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) and direct ink writing (DIW) technology. Based on the “hydrogen bond-covalent bond-plasticization” synergistic reinforcement strategy, an IPNs gel system with tunable mechanical properties was developed. After optimizing the polymer ratio (4:3), Crosslinking agent (1 %), and glycerol content (17.5 %), a balance between toughness, ductility, and strength was attained. The DIW-printed structure exhibited excellent molding accuracy and interfacial adhesion (0.924 MPa to aluminum). System characterization demonstrated that the IPN structure achieved uniform CL-20 distribution and controlled porosity, significantly enhancing its mechanical properties, safety, and detonation performance. Its elastic modulus is close to that of engineering plastics(4.504 GPa), the hardness is between soft rubber and hard plastics (0.107 GPa), and the compressive strength is higher than that of typical PBX explosives (15.64 MPa). By using PVA/PAA IPNs, a “topological entanglement-passivation defect” mechanism was established to suppress mechanical sensitivity. Compared to submicron ε-CL-20, the molded sample reduced impact sensitivity by 33.3 % and friction sensitivity by 128.6 %. Additionally, detonation propagation was achieved in a 1.2 × 1.2 mm charge slot within a 90°-160° corner range, with the critical detonation transmission size reaching 0.3 × 0.3 mm and the detonation velocity maintained at 7362 m/s (82.4 % theoretical detonation velocity). This study offers a scalable manufacturing framework for developing energetic devices that combine mechanical properties, intrinsic safety, and adaptability to complex structures.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸化学
·
先进制造
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Defence Technology
·
2026
·
IF 6.4
Yuhui Wang,Haobo Sun,Shaozhe Liu,Xiaorui Yan,Xin Zhao,Ruibin Liu,Penghao Bai,Zihui Meng,Zhibin Xu
3,6-dinitropyrazolo[4,3-c] pyrazole (DNPP) is an important fused heterocyclic energetic compound. A series of DNPP derivatives and their corresponding ionic salts with excellent properties have been reported, demonstrating significant application potential. However, the traditional synthetic route for DNPP presents inherent safety concerns due to the accumulation and isolation of hazardous diazo intermediates, which severely restrict its scalable and environmentally benign production. To address this issue, we proposed a novel synthetic strategy based on the in situ generation of diazonium salts. Starting from 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, DNPP was synthesized via a sequential process involving nitrosation, reduction, acetylation, cyclization, hydrolysis, nitration, oxidation, and decarboxylative nitration. This process increased the overall yield of the key intermediate, 3-methylpyrazolo[4,3-c] pyrazole, from 24.1% to 53.9%. The improved route avoids the accumulation of hazardous intermediates and offers advantages including operational simplicity, high safety, environmental benignity, excellent yield, and facile work-up, thereby demonstrating good scalability. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The single-crystal structure of DNPP was elucidated. Based on electrostatic potential and Hirshfeld surface analyses, correlations were established among its charge distribution, intermolecular interactions, stability, and chemical modifiability. Its detonation performance was experimentally evaluated and validated via the laser micro-detonation technique and initiation capability test. This study lays a foundation for the scale-up production and practical application of DNPP and its derivatives and also provides guidance for the synthesis and development of fused heterocyclic energetic compounds with superior performance.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Frontiers in Chemistry
·
2020
·
IF 3.693
Xue Qi,Bi Fu-qiang,Zhang Jun-lin,Wang Zi-jun,Zhai Lian-jie,Huo Huan,Wang Bo-zhou,Zhang Sheng-yong
Design and synthesis of new compounds with both high detonation performances and good safety properties have always been a formidable task in the field of energetic materials. By introducing -ONO2 and -NHNO2 moieties into 1,2,4-oxadiazole- and 1,2,5-oxadiazole-based backbones, a new family of energetic materials, including ammonium 3-nitramino-4-(5-hydroxymethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-furazan (4), 3,3′-bis[5-nitroxymethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-4,4′-azofuroxan (6), [3-(4-nitroamino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-methylene nitrate (8), and its energetic ionic salts (10–12), were synthesized and fully characterized. The energetic and physical properties of the materials were investigated through theoretical calculations and experimental determination. The results show that the oxadiazole-based compounds exhibit high enthalpy of formations, good detonation performances, and extraordinary insensitivities. In particular, the hydrazinium salt (11) shows the best energetic properties (11: d = 1.821 g cm−3; P = 35.1 GPa, vD = 8,822 m s−1, IS = 40 J, FS > 360N). The ESP and Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated that a large number of hydrogen bonds as well as π-π stacking interactions within molecules might be the key reason for their low sensitivities and high energy-density levels.
研究领域:
化学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）