Mi Li,Xiaoyu Xiao,Zhangsong Jiang,Haihui Tang,Lingling Rong,Tiao Zhang,Taijia Li,Cui Hu,Ligui Wu,Xiaoming Zou
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging environmental pollutants, and the effect of both abiotic (e.g., anthropogenic pollutants such as sulfonamides (SAs)) and biotic (e.g., microbial community (taxonomy), mobile genetic elements (MGEs)) factors on the antibiotic resistome (collection of ARGs) has received much attention recently. In addition, function (e.g., CAZy, eggNOG and KEGG) is also an important biotic factor; however, how function correlates to ARGs and thus contributes to the antibiotic resistome remains ambiguous. This work explores the effect of sulfonamides (SAs) on ARGs and MGEs by a metagenomic analysis, a principal component analysis (PCA), and a nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS). Then, the work establishes a correlation between ARGs and function with a co-occurrence network and reveals the contribution and positive (negative)/direct (indirect) effect of taxonomy, MGEs, and function to the antibiotic resistome by variation partitioning analysis (VPA) and partial least-squares-path modeling (PLS-PM). The results show that the soil has diverse ARGs and several MGEs and SAs impose significant effects on them. Further, CAZy, eggNOG, and KEGG (including pathway and orthology) show strong and significant correlation with ARGs on the basis of the co-occurrence network; however, in our system it seems that only the KEGG pathway promotes the interpretation of ARGs and should be regarded as the priority function on considering the role of function in structuring the antibiotic resistome. This work reveals the importance and necessity of function as a biotic factor in shaping the antibiotic resistome in diverse resistome-related fields.
Mi Li,Lingling Rong,Shifan Zhou,Xiaoyu Xiao,Ligui Wu,Yuxing Fan,Conghui Lu,Xiaoming Zou
Sulfonamides (SAs) are widespread in soils, and their dissipation behavior is important for their fate, risk assessment, and pollution control. In this work, we investigated the dissipation behavior of different SAs in a soil under aerobic condition, focusing on revealing the relationship between overall dissipation (without sterilization and in dark) and individual abiotic (sorption, hydrolysis)/biotic (with sterilization and in dark) factors and taxonomy/function of microbiomes. The results showed that dissipation of all SAs in the soil followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with dissipation time at 50% removal (DT50) of 2.16–15.27 days. Based on, experimentally, abiotic/biotic processes and, theoretically, partial least-squares modeling, a relationship between overall dissipation and individual abiotic/biotic factors was developed with microbial degradation as the dominant contributor. Metagenomic analysis showed that taxonomic genera like Bradyrhizobium/Sphingomonas/Methyloferula and functions like CAZy family GT51/GH23/GT2, eggNOG category S, KEGG pathway ko02024/ko02010, and KEGG ortholog K01999/K03088 are putatively involved in SA microbial degradation in soil. Spearman correlation suggests abundant genera being multifunctional. This study provides some new insights into SA dissipation and can be applied to other antibiotics/soils in the future.
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