Scientific Reports
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2017
·Vol. 7
·期 1
·1-10
·
IF 4.259
Huang Bin Bin,Zhang Shao Fei,Chen Peng Hao,Wu Gang
The dynamics of release and degradation of the microencapsulation formulation containing spinosad (SP) and emamectin benzoate (EM) were evaluated in the present study. SP and EM were microencapsulated using biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) as the wall material. Their release from and degradation within the prepared SP and EM microspheres (SP-EM-microspheres) were studied. It was found that the encapsulation significantly prolonged the insecticide release. The release could be further extended if the external aqueous phase was pre-saturated with the insecticides and the microspheres were additionally coated with gelatin. On the other hand, increasing the water content of the emulsion or the hydrophilic polycaprolactone (PCL) content in the PLA/PCL mixture accelerated the release. Due to the photolysis and hydrolysis of SP and EM by sunlight, the toxicity of the non-encapsulated insecticides in water declined continuously from 0 through the 9 th day (d), and dissipated in 13 d. In contrast, an aqueous suspension containing 5% SP-EM-microspheres maintained a mostly constant toxicity to Plutella xylostella for 17 d. The biodegradable SP-EM-microspheres showed significantly higher long-term toxicity to P. xylostella due to lower release, reduced photolysis and hydrolysis of the encapsulated insecticides, which were affected by the varied preparation conditions.
研究领域:
农药科学
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环境生物学
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材料科学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 78
·期 10
·4407-4416
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IF 4.462
Liyin Shi,Weiyao Yan,Li Sun,Chaoqun Hou,Nuo Wei,Zhiyang Chen,Jianguo Feng
Background Developing pesticide-controlled release formulations with foliage adhesion has become the focus of current research in the field of crop protection. In this study, an excellent adhesive nanocapsule loaded with emamectin benzoate (Eb@PDA) was prepared via emulsion interfacial polymerization based on the self-polymerization ability and adhesion properties of polydopamine (PDA). Results The physicochemical properties of the Eb@PDA were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, particle size statistics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The Eb@PDA presented a regular spherical shape, with an average particle size of 163.8 nm. Compared with conventional formulations, it had higher pesticide-loading content (34%) and excellent adhesion onto corn leaf. In addition, Eb@PDA showed sustained-release characteristics, facilitating the release of Eb at low pH and high temperature. Eb@PDA could effectively protect Eb against photodegradation and had a longer effective period for controlling Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera exigua . Furthermore, acute toxicity tests showed that the 50% lethal concentration (LC 50 ) was 80.91 and 57.91 mg kg −1 at 7 and 14 days, respectively, indicating a lower toxicity of the Eb@PDA to earthworms. The cells (L02) treated with Eb@PDA showed a higher cell viability but a lower apoptosis rate (only 5.75%), demonstrating the lower cytotoxicity of the Eb@PDA. Conclusion The self-prepared Eb@PDA could be used as a formulation with the advantages of slow release, UV shielding, strong leaf adhesion, superior insecticidal properties, sustained effectiveness and biosafety. It will also facilitate the development of an efficient and safe pesticide delivery system. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
研究领域:
农药科学
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材料科学
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植物保护
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DOI
高影响因子
LANGMUIR
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2025
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IF 3.9
Fei Teng,Zhaogui Wang,Mingyu Xue,Hui Li,Quanmin Wen,Peng Xu,Dejun Hao
Pine wilt disease is caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus invasion and has a great impact on global pine resources. Injection of emamectin benzoate (EB) into pine trunks is an effective way to control B. xylophilus. However, EB has limited aqueous solubility, easily photodissociates, and its long-term use causes resistance problems. In this study, the metal–organic framework material ZIF-8 was prepared, and EB was loaded onto ZIF-8 through physical adsorption, resulting in a pH-responsive EB@ZIF-8 nanopesticide with a high drug loading rate (36.04%). Simulated release experiments of EB@ZIF-8 under different pH conditions showed a cumulative release of 64.43% within 10 h at pH 5.0, which increased as the pH decreased, compared to conditions at pH 7.0 and 9.0. EB@ZIF-8 showed positive insecticidal activity in a laboratory biological test (LC50 = 52.503 mg/L). In addition, 7 days after trunk injection in Pinus massoniana, EB residuals were detected in all parts of the branches, with the lowest residue level being 73.39 mg/kg. The proportion of the EB residue in the lower, middle, and upper branches of P. massoniana gradually increased, reaching 43.92% at 28 days after trunk injection, indicating that EB was distributed evenly in the tree. Therefore, EB@ZIF-8 had good morphology, structure, and pH-responsive release performance. EB@ZIF-8 also exhibited a high nematocidal ability due to its smaller particle size and rapid transport in P. massoniana. This study provides a new approach for the development of highly effective EB preparations, improvement of pesticide utilization, and B. xylophilus control.
研究领域:
植物保护
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材料科学
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农业科学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2019
·
IF 8.456
Saijie Song,Yuli Wang,Jing Xie,Baohong Sun,Ninglin Zhou,He Shen,Jian Shen
Environmentally friendly pesticide delivery systems have drawn extensive attention in recent years, and they show great promise in sustainable development of agriculture. We herein report a multifunctional nanoplatform, carboxymethyl chitosan modified carbon nanoparticles (CMC@CNP), as the carrier for emamectin benzoate (EB, a widely used insecticide), and investigate its sustainable antipest activity. EB was loaded on CMC@CNP nanocarrier via simple physisorption process, with a high loading ratio of 55.56%. The EB@CMC@CNP nanoformulation showed improved solubility and dispersion stability in aqueous solution, which is of vital importance to its practical application. Different from free EB, EB@CMC@CNP exhibited pH-responsive controlled release performance, leading to sustained and steady EB release and prolonged persistence time. In addition, the significantly enhanced anti-UV property of EB@CMC@CNP further ensured its antipest activity. Therefore, EB@CMC@CNP exhibited superior pest control performance than free EB. In consideration of its low cost, easy preparation, free of organic solution, and enhanced bioactivity, we expect, CMC@CNP will have a brilliant future in pest control and green agriculture.
研究领域:
农业科学
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纳米生物学
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环境科学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH
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2025
·Vol. 27
·期 3
·1-18
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IF 2.6
Wen Xiaoqiu,Cai Fengjun,Yang Qiao,Zhang Yunfang,Wu Shengqian,Zhang Min,Ma Lin
Nanocapsule was obtained by self-assembling of sodium alginate (SA) with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and Tween 80 in a coarse dispersion of butyl acetate and turned out to be a good carrier of emamectin benzoate (EB). The nanocapsule exhibited better storing stability, anti-photolysis property, foliar wettability, and retention, as compared to the conventional concentrated emulsion of EB (EB-EC). Incorporation into the nanocapsule retarded the release of EB, which was pH-sensitive and dependent on the structure of the nanocapsule. A better sustaining effect could be achieved by an increase of SA or a reduction of CTAB and in a basic environment, due to the enhanced interaction between the active ingredient and the shell matrix of the nanocapsule. The incorporation into the nanocapsule greatly increased the activity of EB. The median lethal concentration of typical positively charged nanocapsule EB@SA 0.1 CTAB 0.4 Tw 0.2 against Mythimna separata larvae was 48% of that of commercial EB-EC, after feeding to the insect for 48 h. The result indicated that the self-assembling of SA and CTAB was a good strategy to fabricate instant nanoformulation under mild conditions and with high efficiency and low cost, which was valuable to prompt nanopesticides from laboratory investigation to field application.
研究领域:
农药科学
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材料科学
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生物化学
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DOI
高影响因子
Toxics
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2025
·Vol. 13
·期 1
·65
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IF 4.1
Di Zhang,Xiao-Hua Song,Dan Yang,Mu-Zi Ge,Jun Qiu,Han-Qing Jiang,Yan-Yan Sun,Xiang-dong Li,Yi-Jun Wu
Residues of the pesticides chlorfenapyr (CFP) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) often coexist in the environment and can be accumulated in the body. To understand the impact of these two chemicals on health, we investigated their effect on the kidneys. In this study, rats were treated with CFP and/or EMB at low/medium/high doses of 1/3/9 mg/kg/day and 0.2/0.6/1.8 mg/kg/day, respectively, via oral gavage for 60 days. Kidneys and serum samples were collected and serum biochemistry and kidney histopathological changes were analyzed and examined. Kidney metabolome alterations were analyzed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that combined exposure to CFP and EMB elevated BUN levels and induced pathological damage, which presented as thinner renal tubular epithelial cells, an abnormal glomerular morphology, and an increased fibrotic area. CFP and/or EMB disrupted glutathione metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in the alteration of kidney metabolomes and inducing oxidative stress in the cells of kidney tissues. In addition, CFP decreased ATP content and inhibited pyruvate PDH activity in the kidneys. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to CFP and EMB at environmentally relevant levels induce alterations in the renal metabolome, oxidative stress, and an insufficient energy supply, which may contribute to renal histopathological damage.
研究领域:
毒理学
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代谢组学
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环境科学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Forests
·
2024
·Vol. 15
·期 3
·535
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IF 2.4
Zhi Liang,Xi Zhou,Yinlong Li,Min Zhou,Xutao Yang,Shengnan Zhang,Jacob D. Wickham,Qing-He Zhang,Longwa Zhang
Carya illinoinensis(Wangenh.) K. Koch (Pecan), a deciduous tree native to North America, faces significant challenges from pests. This study investigated the insecticidal efficacy and food safety of using the broad-spectrum insecticide emamectin benzoate via trunk injection for potential pecan pest management. Injections were given at dosages of 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 2.4 mL/cm of tree diameter at breast height (DBH), and leaf samples were collected at 10, 30, 60, and 100 days post-injection, while fruit samples were obtained during the swelling, ripening, and harvest stages. We established an analytical method for the determination and quantification of emamectin benzoate content in pecans using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Leaf emamectin benzoate content was significantly higher compared to nuts (p≤ 0.036). The content in leaves following the four dosage treatments decreased over time and at 100 days was 0.1943/0.2799 mg/kg (upper crown/lower crown), 0.1910/0.3957 mg/kg, 0.3663/0.6235 mg/kg, and 1.3988/1.9123 mg/kg, respectively. The pesticide residues of 0.4 mL/cm and 0.8 mL/cm treatment groups in kernels at harvest time were 0.0016 mg/kg and 0.0039 mg/kg, respectively, below the latest European Union Regulation (0.005 mg/kg). All four dosage treatments (0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 2.4 mL/cm of tree diameter at DBH) in the leaf feeding test caused significant mortalities of the fourth instarHyphantria cunea(Drury) larvae. The mortality rates at 10 days post-injection were 64.7%, 73.3%, 79.3%, and 84.7%, respectively, while at 60 days post-injection, the rates were 26.0%, 47.3%, 53.7%, and 81.7%, respectively. In summary, this study successfully established a sensitive analytical method for the detection and quantification of trunk-injected emamectin benzoate residues in pecans and demonstrates its safety and effectiveness as a chemical control option against foliar pecan pest insects.
研究领域:
植物保护
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农业科学
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY
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2025
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IF 2.4
Tang Rui,Wei Dandan,Luo Chun-Hua,Qin Juan-Rong,Mobarak Syed-Husne,Yu Xing-Lin,Liu Tong-Xian
Global temperature increases require the reevaluation of pesticide efficacy under thermal stress conditions; however, most studies have focused on acute high-temperature exposure, neglecting the effects of natural diurnal temperature fluctuations and cumulative acclimation. This study investigated the effect of thermal acclimation during developmental on the sensitivity of Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to emamectin benzoate (EB). Larvae were reared under cyclic thermal regimes (25→34/38→25 °C), experiencing daily high-temperature exposures of 2, 4, or 6 hours from the egg stage. Continuous fluctuating high-temperature exposure did not have a detrimental effect on the life-history traits of M. separata but substantially increased its sensitivity to EB. Daily 6-hour exposure to either 34 °C or 38 °C significantly increased LC10 EB-induced mortality and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to constant 25 °C. Increasing thermal intensity progressively suppressed the levels of heat shock proteins (MsHsp70 and MsHsp90) and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase in the EB-exposed larvae. A pronounced temperature-dependent increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) activity accompanied this suppression, suggesting an adaptive metabolic response that could accelerate the development of EB resistance under climate warming scenarios. Thus, thermal acclimation during insect development increases EB toxicity, potentially through ROS accumulation caused by inhibiting heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes. These findings demonstrate that fluctuating thermal conditions amplify EB toxicity and underscore the potential role of P450s in long-term resistance to global temperature increases. This study guides the development of climate-adaptive pesticide applications and region-specific integrated pest management strategies.
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PubMed
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES
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2021
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IF 5.268
Da-xia Zhang,Rui Wang,Haichao Cao,Jian Luo,Tong-fang Jing,Bei-xing Li,Wei Mu,Feng Liu,Youming Hou
To reduce the negative impact of nanopesticide carriers of on the environment, a greener nanodelivery system is necessary. Nanogels are nontoxic and degradable carriers, however, the potential of nanogels for delivering pesticides has not been proven. In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol)-valine, an ecofriendly polymer, was synthesized and used to fabricate emamectin benzoate nanogel suspension (EB NS). The nanoformulation showed favorable stability at low temperature, high temperature or one year storage, and in water with different hardnesses. The retention of the EB NS solution on leaves was higher than that of an EB emulsifiable concentrate (EC) by approximately 9% at a concentration of 10 mg L −1 . The half-life of EB nanogels under Ultra Violet irradiation was prolonged by 3.3-fold. Moreover, the bioactivity of the EB NS against Plutella xylostella was higher than that of the EB EC. These advantages resulted in a relatively long duration of pest control. The response of nanogels to laccase , a digestive enzyme in the digestive tract of lepidopteran pests, enables pesticide release on demand. Nanogels have the advantages of being ecofriendly carriers, exhibiting higher utilization, and prolonged pest control periods, and they have a brilliant future in pesticide delivery.
研究领域:
农业科学
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纳米技术
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环境科学
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农药化学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
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2026
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IF 6.4
Xiangyang Pan,Rui Xie,Shaoxiong Zhu,Deshui Yu,Yang Yang,Guang Yang,Bo Huang
Cationic nanocarriers retain 80% pesticide on leaves versus 42% in neutral formulations via electrostatic adhesion. • EB@PCBs maintain 80% concentration after 5 h UV exposure compared to 40% for free EB. • 78.90% drug loading efficiency overcomes water dispersibility and retention limitations of conventional pesticide formulations. 78.90% drug loading efficiency overcomes water dispersibility and retention limits of conventional formulations. • EB@PCBs persist 120 days in field versus 30 days for conventional EB, reducing application frequency. Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , PWN), represents a significant threat to pine forests ( Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc and Pinus massoniana Lamb) across Asia, particularly in China. While Emamectin benzoate (EB) is commonly employed for pest control, conventional formulations suffer from low efficacy due to photodegradation, poor water dispersibility, and inadequate leaf surface retention—with only 0.1% of applied pesticide reaching the target. This study developed a series of polymer nanocarriers with tunable surface charge properties via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Three nanocarrier variants were fabricated: neutral PTOG-PBMA (POBs), anionic PAA-PBMA (PABs), and cationic PDMA-PBMA (PCBs). All nanocarriers achieved drug loading efficiencies exceeding 65%, with PCBs reaching 78.90%. Critical performance metrics demonstrated the superiority of cationic carriers: following 10 mm simulated rainfall, EB@PCBs retained 80% of applied pesticide on pine needles versus only 42% for neutral and 57% for anionic formulations. Under UV irradiation (365 nm), EB@PCBs maintained 80% of its initial concentration after 5 h, compared to 40% for free EB. In field trials on P. massoniana , EB@PCBs persisted at 0.4% of initial concentration 120 days post-application, whereas conventional EB was depleted within 30 days. These results demonstrate that charge-controlled polymer nanocarriers represent an effective strategy for improving pesticide utilization efficiency and environmental persistence, offering a practical solution for sustainable forest disease management. Download: Download high-res image (185KB) Download: Download full-size image
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高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
·
2023
·Vol. 30
·期 58
·121748-121758
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IF 5.8
Wang Xiaoyao,Hu Shuai,Meng Lingtao,Wang Kai,Zhang Xianxia,Li Ke,Wang Ning,Zou Nan,Xu Yue,Li Beixing,Mu Wei,Pang Xiuyu
Emamectin benzoate (EB), chlorantraniliprole (CTP), chlorfenapyr (CFP), and lufenuron (LFR) are widely used to control Spodoptera exigua on cabbage. This study is aimed at establishing a universal, sensitive, accurate, and efficient method for the determination of these pesticide residues in cabbage using QuEChERS pretreatment combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS/MS or GC‒MS/MS). The recoveries of these pesticides (containing metabolites) in cabbage detected by the optimized method ranged between 80.9% and 99.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.164–12.5%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the four pesticides was determined to be 0.01 mg/kg. The standard curve, accuracy, precision, and LOQ of the analysis method all met the requirements of pesticide residue detection. The optimized method was used to detect the dissipation dynamics and terminal residues in 12 regions. The dissipation half-lives of CTP, CFP, and LFR were 3.35–7.01 d, 2.29–4.75 d, and 3.24–6.80 d, respectively. The terminal residues of all these pesticides were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The dietary risk assessment indicated that the dietary risk probabilities for EB, CTP, CFP, and LFR were all less than 1 and were within the acceptable range. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the residues and dietary risks of EB, CTP, CFP, and LFR for the scientific use of pesticides. Graphical Abstract
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PubMed
高影响因子
PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 4.2
Lu Li,Wan Li,Yufeng Liu,Bing Han,Yanbo Yu,Hongjin Lin
Emamectin benzoate (EMB), commonly used as an insecticide in fishery production, inevitably leaves residual chemicals in aquatic environments. High-level EMB exposure can cause severe damage to multiple systems of marine animals, potentially through mechanisms involving severe mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. However, it is not clear yet how EMB exposure at a certain level can cause damage to fish kidney tissue. In this study, we exposed carps to an aquatic environment containing 2.4 μg/L of EMB and cultured carp kidney cells in vitro , established a cell model exposed to EMB. Our findings revealed that EMB exposure resulted in severe kidney tissue damage in carp and compromised the viability of grass carp kidney cells (CIK cells). By RNA-seq analysis, EMB exposure led to significant differences in mitochondrial homeostasis, response to ROS, ferroptosis, and autophagy signals in carp kidney tissue. Mechanistically, EMB exposure induced mitochondrial oxidative stress by promoting the generation of mitochondrial superoxide and reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, EMB exposure triggered loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, an imbalance in mitochondrial fusion/division homeostasis, and dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation, ultimately impairing ATP synthesis. Notably, EMB exposure also accelerated excessive autophagy and ferroptosis of cells by contributing to the formation of lipid peroxides and autophagosomes, and the deposition of Fe 2+ . However, N -acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) treatment alleviated the damage and death of CIK cells by inhibiting oxidative stress. Overall, our study demonstrated that EMB exposure induced mitochondrial oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial homeostasis, and function, promoted autophagy and ferroptosis of kidney cells, and ultimately led to kidney tissue damage in carp. Our research enhanced the toxicological understanding on EMB exposure and provides a model reference for comparative medicine.
研究领域:
水生毒理学
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细胞生物学
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分子生物学
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PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）