The aim of this study was to prepare polymeric micelles composed of enrofloxacin (ENR) and methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLLA) using a solvent evaporation method to overcome the solubility-limited oral bioavailability of ENR. The formulation was optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) to obtain ENR polymeric micelles (ENR-m) with high drug loading (DL, %) and entrapment efficiency (EE, %). The physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, pharmacokinetics, and antibacterial efficacy were evaluated in comparison to pure ENR. ENR-m was successfully prepared and demonstrated satisfactory drug loading (68.38 ± 0.22%), entrapment efficiency (88.40 ± 0.91%), particle size (PS) (133.67 ± 3.10 nm), and polydispersity index (PDI) (0.13 ± 0.03). The ENR-m also exhibited excellent stability under environmental conditions (40°C and 75% relative humidity (RH)). In vitro release of ENR from micelles was accelerated in a PBS solution. A pharmacokinetic study on beagles revealed that the oral bioavailability of ENR-m was enhanced by approximately 1.60-fold compared to pure ENR (p < 0.01) and by 1.66-fold compared to commercially available tablets of ENR (p < 0.01). The antibacterial activity of ENR-m against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) was stronger than that of pure ENR.
Imperatorin (IMP) has demonstrated potential in reversing drug resistance in various tumor cells; however, its limited clinical application and development are attributed to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. The current work is intended to enhance the oral bioavailability of IMP and its efficacy in overcoming tamoxifen (TAM) resistance in breast cancer cells. We employed mPEG–PLLA and Cremophor RH60 (RH60) to prepare imperatorin nanomicelles (IMP-RH60/mPEG–PLLA). The freeze-dried powder of IMP-RH60/mPEG–PLLA demonstrated a porous structure, and upon reconstitution, the resulting solution exhibited clarity and transparency. The particle size was measured to be 25.48 ± 0.92 nm, with a zeta potential of −5.50 ± 1.06 mV. The encapsulation efficiency was determined to be 85.78 ± 0.84%, while the drug loading was found to be 2.66 ± 0.03%. In comparison to the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of IMP, IMP-RH60/mPEG–PLLA exhibited a significant increase in in vitro release, improved bioavailability in rats, and enhanced uptake by MCF-7/TAM cells. The coadministration of IMP-RH60/mPEG–PLLA and TAM effectively inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of MCF-7/TAM cells. This outcome could potentially be attributed to the downregulation of GST-π and MDR1 drug resistance genes, consequently augmenting the susceptibility of MCF-7/TAM cells to TAM. An experimental model of BALB/c nude xenograft, consisting of human breast cancer cells resistant to tamoxifen (TAM), was established in order to assess the potential in vivo reversal of TAM resistance through the use of IMP-RH60/mPEG–PLLA. The growth of xenografts was inhibited by IMP-RH60/mPEG–PLLA, and it induced apoptosis in tumor tissues through the downregulation of Ki-67, GST-π, and MDR1 gene expression. The findings indicated that the utilization of IMP-RH60/mPEG–PLLA micelles resulted in an enhancement of IMP’s bioavailability and its efficacy in overcoming TAM resistance.
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