Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy
·
2025
·
IF 5.8
Mengjie Jia,Yani Wang,Yiyang Qi,Xiaoge Ji,Zhongyuan Zhao,Shijing Sun
In the plywood industry, formaldehyde-based adhesives are commonly used, but the health risks associated with them are a significant concern. As a result, there has been a growing emphasis on developing formaldehyde-free alternatives. This study presents an eco-friendly adhesive formulated from vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) copolymer emulsion and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The synthesis conditions, curing behavior, synthesis mechanisms and curing mechanisms were further investigated. The optimal preparation conditions were as follows: VAE emulsion and 4 % PVA1788 were synthesized at 90 °C for 2 h, and the solid content was adjusted to 50 % by adding distilled water. Subsequently, 5 % pMDI was incorporated. The wet shear strength of the resulting adhesive, which is 0.93 MPa, met the requirements of the Chinese national standard GB/T 9846-2015 (≥0.7 MPa) for Class II plywood. The curing behavior of the VAE-PVA adhesive was investigated by measuring the insoluble mass proportion and thermal analysis. The results showed that when the adhesive was heated at 130 °C for 10 min, the insoluble mass proportion reached 81.16 %, and an endothermic reaction occurred at approximately 100 °C. To investigate the synthesis mechanism of VAE-PVA adhesive, FT-IR analysis revealed that esterification occurred between the VAE emulsion and the hydroxyl groups in PVA. Additionally, FT-IR analysis, XPS analysis, and Py-GC/MS analysis were used to explore the curing mechanism of the VAE-PVA adhesive. The results indicated that during the curing process, pMDI polymerized with the vinyl groups in the VAE emulsion and the hydroxyl groups in PVA, forming a three-dimensional network of cured polymer.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Jinhan Lu,Xuan Sun,Zhilin Chen,Peng Jiang,Luming Li,Maohai Wang
The flammability of wood composite materials inevitably limits its broadly applications, inspired by the sandwich structure, we propose an intumescent flame-retardant vinyl acetate-ethylene based adhesive reinforced by melamine amino trimethyl phosphate and sodium lignosulfonate compounds (IFRs), then being incorporated in adhesive layer to prepare fire-proofing plywood. The formaldehyde-free adhesive incorporated with 23 wt% IFRs in plywood (FR plywood) resulted in a significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (pHRR, −51 %) and a great delay in time to pHRR (219 s) compared with that of the sample neat plywood. Additionally, the shear strength and bending strength of sample FR plywood present significant increase of 150 % and 73 %, respectively, compared to that of the neat plywood. By incorporating the IFRs into the plywood adhesive layers, low-flammability gasses can be released under heat to dilute flammable volatile gasses together with the wood decomposition in the gaseous phase, simultaneously, generated polyphosphoric acids to facilitate the charring of wood under heat, leading to a cohesive and dense phospho-carbonaceous structure in the condensed phase. Thus, this work provides an efficient and simple strategy to prepare fire-proofing plywood with excellent mechanical performance, is worth commercializing in plywood industry.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Engineering
·
2025
·
IF 11.6
Gaojun Wang,Zhaofu Liu,Bo Zhang,Lingwei Wang,Qian Li,Rong Chen
To advance sewage sludge (SS) valorization, this study proposed a novel approach that integrated protein recovery from SS with its conversion into a fully bio-based adhesive for plywood production. A thermal-alkaline pretreatment (pH = 12, 90 ℃) followed by acidic precipitation enabled efficient recovery of sewage sludge protein (SSP). Compared to the commonly used sulfuric acid, citric acid partially co-precipitated with SSP, potentially promoting amidation reactions between amino and carboxyl groups during the curing process. This interaction contributed to the enhanced adhesive strength of SSP. Inspired by the catechol-mediated adhesion mechanism of mussel foot proteins, tannic acid (Tan) and Zn 2+ ions were incorporated into the alkali-modified SSP. Covalent and hydrogen bonding occurred through cross-linking between the polyphenolic moieties of Tan and the amide/carbonyl groups of SSP, while Zn 2+ ions served as coordination centers, further strengthening interfacial cohesion. These procedures reassembled the fragmented peptide chains of SSP, resulting in enhanced hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and mold resistance. Under optimized curing conditions (140 ℃, 8 min), the resulting adhesive achieved a wet shear strength of (1.09 ± 0.08) MPa, surpassing the Chinese National Standard (≥ 0.7 MPa) by 55.7%. X-ray micro-computed tomography revealed that 24.1% of the adhesive penetrated the wood micropores during curing, with mechanical interlocking complementing bulk adhesion to improve shear performance. Heat-induced structural reorganization further promoted β-sheet formation and esterification between SSP peptides and Tan, thereby reinforcing the adhesive’s cross-linked architecture. Finally, a preliminary assessment of the process’s economic viability and carbon neutrality potential highlighted its promise for sustainable, engineering-scale implementation.
研究领域:
环境工程
·
生物聚合物科学
·
胶粘剂技术
·
木材科学
·
可持续材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
EcoMat
·
2023
·Vol. 5
·期 11
·e12405
·
IF 14.6
Zhongxuan Wu,Yan Zhan,Shuaiming He,Panpan Yue,Guanghui Song,Jun Rao,Ziwen Lv,Bo Jiang,Baozhong Lü,Gegu Chen,Feng Peng
The commercial plywood is mainly made of high-value wood veneer and formaldehyde-based adhesives, which pose a major risk to human health and environmental protection. Here, we report an all-natural plywood made of self-adhesive bark veneer directly from hardy rubber trees (HRT) via delignification, epoxidation reaction and densification. The resulting bark veneer is demonstrated with sandwich structures featuring natural integration between cellulose and biopolymer Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG). The intrinsic EUG act as a potential strong “self-adhesive” and water-proofing agent, leading to bark veneer with high hardness, excellent hydrophobicity, wear resistance, and low thermal conductivity. Furthermore, we can produce the self-adhesive plywood on a large scale directly from HRT bark using this approach without any adhesives, endowing it with environmental friendliness, safety in use, and health benefits of human beings. Combining its efficient and low-cost production, the bark veneer shows great promise in fabricating high-performance and environmentally sustainable plywood.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 4
·996
·
IF 5
Lizhen Huang,Wenchang Sun,Li Shuai,Xiaolin Luo,Jing Liu
Plywood is made of wood veneers that are bonded with adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins. The plywood made from formaldehyde-based adhesives not only releases formaldehyde but also relies on fossil resources. In this article, we synthesized furan-acetone adducts from lignocellulosic biomass in one pot. The furan-acetone adducts could be directly used as adhesives with the addition of phosphoric acid as a curing catalyst. Particularly, with the addition of 5 wt% diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) as a crosslinking agent, both the wet and dry bonding strength of the plywood prepared from the adhesives could meet the minimum requirement of 0.7 MPa (Chinese National Standard GB/T 9846-2015). The possible adhesion mechanism is that the penetration of furan-acetone adhesives into vessels and cell lumens followed by crosslinking during hot-pressing forms mechanical interlocking at the interface of wood veneers, which provides the main bonding strength of plywood. The findings presented here could provide a new way for the efficient preparation of aldehyde-free green wood adhesives and the value-added utilization of woody biomass.Keywords:bio-based wood adhesives;aldol condensation;bonding strength;furan-acetone adducts;plywood
研究领域:
林业工程
·
生物质化学与工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Xiaoge Ji,Jie Zhang,Shijing Sun,Zhongyuan Zhao
Formaldehyde-based adhesives raise serious environmental and health concerns, prompting the wood-based panel industry to seek sustainable alternatives. In this study, a formaldehyde-free plywood adhesive (PP/FAT) was developed using fructose as the main raw material, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and toluene-4-sulfonic acid (TsOH) as catalysts, peanut protein (PP) as a filler, and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) as a curing agent. The formulation was optimized under the following conditions: fructose/ADP mass ratio of 80/20, 10 % TsOH, 80 wt% solid content, synthesized at 90 °C for 3 h, followed by mixing with PP at 4/1 ratio and adding 5 % MDI. Three-ply plywood bonded with this adhesive and hot-pressed at 150 °C for 10 min achieved dry and wet shear strengths of 1.02 MPa and 0.97 MPa, exceeding the GB/T 9846–2015 standard (≥0.7 MPa). Curing analysis confirmed 150 °C as the optimal temperature, producing an insoluble mass proportion of 68.2 %. Chemical analyses revealed that, during the synthesis process, ADP and TsOH catalyzed the conversion of fructose into furan compounds. During the curing process, PP reacted with saccharide and its derivatives via the Maillard reaction, MDI underwent addition reactions with the hydroxyl groups in saccharide and its derivatives or with the hydroxyl and amino groups in PP, forming carbamate and urea linkages. Ultimately, the adhesive system formed insoluble polymers with benzene rings and dimethyl ether bridges as the main bonding linkages. With eco-friendly components, this study develops a novel formaldehyde-free plywood adhesive, offering a sustainable pathway for plywood industry.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2026
·Vol. 14
·期 34
·15218-15228
·
IF 7.6
Wu Mingxiong,Luo Shuai,Xu Heyi,Jin Jing,Tan Haiying,Jiang Wei
The increasing demands for environmental adaptability and recyclability in high-performance hot melt adhesives have driven the development of a novel material with ultra-high bonding strength. In this work, biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and high-strength polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) were linked via chain extension using methylene diphenyl diisocyanate to fabricate a PPC-PETG hot melt adhesive. The resulting adhesive exhibits exceptional adhesion across a wide range of substrates, achieving a maximum single-lap shear strength of 29.9 MPa on stainless steel. Notably, after five consecutive recycling cycles, the adhesive strength remains as high as 21.0 MPa. The PPC-PETG adhesive also demonstrates excellent resistance to both acidic and alkaline environments on stainless steel substrates, with single-lap shear strength significantly improved compared to neutral conditions. Its overall performance substantially surpasses that of conventional commercial adhesives and previously reported counterparts. In practical applications, this adhesive has been successfully used to fabricate high-performance plywood by bonding various hardwoods and softwoods, yielding flexural strengths of at least 150 MPa and flexural moduli of at least 14 GPa.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Forests
·
2023
·Vol. 14
·期 4
·741
·
IF 2.9
Yutao Yan,Jinhui Wang,Zhou Shen,Haiming Bi,Baoqing Shentu
In this study, fire-retardant plywood was fabricated using a simple guanidine phosphate (GP) impregnation treatment of the veneers, and the influence of the treatment on the flame resistance and bonding strength of the plywood was fully investigated. The results showed that GP modification could effectively endow the plywood with excellent fire resistance and smoke-suppression effect. When 10% GP solution was applied, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the impregnated wood was up to 37%, which was almost twice of unmodified plywood. The heat-release rate (HRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were also greatly decreased from the pristine 94.14 MJ/m2and 0.77 m2to that of modified 43.94 MJ/m2and 0.08 m2, respectively. The excellent fireproof performance was mainly due to the thermal decomposition of GP to phosphoric acid and guanidine during combustion, which could promote the catalytic carbonization of wood and release of incombustible CO2and NH3to dilute and decrease the combustible gases, thus collectively preventing the wood form burning. However, the guanidine phosphate modification could seriously damage the bond performance of plywood, especially the UF resin adhesive-bonded plywood. When 10% guanidine phosphate was applied, the dry and wet bonding strength of the UF resin adhesive-bonded plywood were decreased to only 0.7 MPa and 0.12 MPa, respectively, which may be due to the blocking effect of GP in wood pores and the hygroscopic and soluble properties of GP itself in water, thus decreasing the effective bonding between wood veneers. What’s worse, the poor water resistance of the UF resin adhesive was also adverse to the bonding strength of plywood. Surprisingly, the PF resin adhesive was proved to be suitable for gluing the GP-modified wood without obviously decreasing the bonding strength, which could be used to prepare plywood with both high bonding strength and flame resistance.Keywords:guanidine phosphate;plywood;flame resistance;catalytic carbonization;bonding performance;blocking effect
研究领域:
木材科学
·
防火材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Zhi Li,Haipeng Cai,Antonio Pizzi,Xianghong Li,Jun Zhang,Guanben Du,Yun Lu,Shuduan Deng
Cost-effective and sustainable biomass-based materials are being explored as alternatives to formaldehyde-based adhesives. However, the direct application of pure biomass materials for bonding purposes does not yield satisfactory results. Graft copolymerization is a widely recognized method for chemical modification. In this study, a novel formaldehyde-free wood adhesive was synthesized through graft copolymerization using N -methylolacrylamide (NMA) and cassava starch (CS). The physical and chemical properties, reaction mechanisms, and bonding mechanisms of the adhesive were thoroughly investigated. Characterization techniques such as FTIR, NMR, XPS, and SEM confirmed significant improvements in the properties of the graft copolymer adhesive, attributed to increased crosslinking density and the formation of highly interconnected structures. The cured adhesive demonstrated exceptional plywood bonding performance and water resistance, with shear strengths of 1.31 MPa (dry strength), 1.01 MPa (cold water strength), and 0.91 MPa (hot water strength), representing a substantial improvement over pure CS adhesive. This straightforward and economically viable strategy offers a promising avenue for developing biomass formaldehyde-free adhesives and promoting advancements in the wood industry.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Wood Material Science & Engineering
·
2026
·
IF 2.1
Jie Zhang,Xiaoge Ji,Shijing Sun,Zhongyuan Zhao
This study focused on optimizing a formaldehyde-free wood adhesive based on lactic acid (LA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Initially, various modifiers were investigated, revealing that microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) effectively reduced the adhesive's viscosity while enhancing the curing efficiency of plywood. Consequently. the optimized LA-PVA-MCC adhesive was developed. The optimal formulation, with a LA:PVA:MCC mass ratio of 28:11:1 and 60% solid content, was synthesized at 100 °C for 2 h using 10 wt% p-MDI as curing agent. Plywood fabricated under hot-pressing conditions of 120 °C for 6 minutes with a spread rate of 180 g/m² exhibited a wet shear strength of 0.87 MPa, exceeding the requirement of the Chinese National Standard GB/T 9846–2022 (≥0.7 MPa). Assessment of curing behavior via insoluble mass proportion (IMP) and thermal analysis revealed an IMP of 42.3% after cured, while thermal analysis indicated polymerization occurring between 83 and 150 °C. Mechanistic investigation confirmed that cross-linking occurred via reactions between isocyanate groups and the hydroxyl, ester, and carboxyl functionalities on prepolymer chains, forming a robust network. This study provides a viable strategy for formaldehyde-free wood adhesives that addresses the need for rapid curing in sustainable plywood manufacturing.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2024
·
IF 4.4
Minzhi Chen,Chunlin Fan,Minghao Zhu,Nana Pan,Qi Quan,Xiaoyan Zhou
Wood-based phase change materials (WBPCM) have the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption in plywood structures, but the quest for a streamlined production strategy to facilitate their industrialization remains a formidable challenge. In this work, phase change plywood (PCP) was prepared by phase change adhesive (PCA), in which urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) served as the adhesive and different contents of paraffin wax (PW) as phase change materials (PCM). The use of PCA enabled the efficient and simplified production of wood-based composites with excellent energy-saving properties. By combination of the low thermal conductivity of wood with the energy storage capabilities of PCA, PCP demonstrated a high latent heat capacity of 67.53 J/g at 47.6 °C. 2D correlation Fourier transform infrared (2D FTIR) was carried out to analyze the phase transition mechanism. By adding PCA, the heat transfer time of PCP-3 from 40 to 55 °C was extended by 181%, compared with conventional plywood, which indicated an excellent energy-saving ability. Furthermore, finite element simulation was conducted to statistically simulate the thermal transition process of PCP. Our work presents a strategy for the design of phase change plywood with excellent energy-saving properties, while also enabling large-scale production.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials
·
2025
·Vol. 18
·期 5
·1144
·
IF 3.2
Yi Zhang,Longxiang Sun,Xinyu Li,Ziye Fu,Yang Li,Weisheng Sun,Yawei Sun,Rongfeng Huang,Minghui Guo
Developing eco-friendly, high-performance adhesives is crucial for sustainable industrial applications but remains a significant challenge. Herein, a synergistic strategy combining core–shell hybridization and borate chemistry was employed to fabricate a multifunctional soy protein (SPI) adhesive with excellent adhesion. Specifically, a reactive core–shell hybrid (POSS-U) was synthesized via free-radical polymerization using octavinyl-POSS as the core and urushiol (U) as the shell. Sodium borate (SB) was then added as a crosslinker, along with POSS-U and SPI, to prepare the SPI/POSS-U/SB adhesive. The SPI/POSS-U/SB adhesive exhibited a 100% increase in dry shear strength (2.46 MPa) and a wet shear strength of 0.74 MPa, meeting indoor application standards. Due to the thermal shielding and char formation of POSS and SB, the peak heat release rate of the modified adhesive reduced by 25.4%, revealing excellent flame retardancy. Additionally, the modified adhesive remained mold-free for 144 h due to the antifungal properties of urushiol and boron. This work provides an innovative approach for enhancing protein-based adhesives and contributes to the advancement of multifunctional composite materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
绿色化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）