BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY
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2019
·Vol. 104
·期 1
·149-155
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IF 1.65
Xie Yan-Li,Jiang Wayne,Li Fen,Zhang Yu,Liang Xiao-Yu,Wang Meng,Zhou Xueqing,Wu Shao-Ying,Zhang Cheng-Hui
This study was intended to develop an environment-friendly controlled release system for spirotetramat in an alginate matrix. Four formulations, starch–chitosan–calcium alginate (SCCA), starch–calcium alginate (SCA), chitosan–calcium alginate (CCA), and calcium alginate (CA) complex gel beads, were prepared by the extrusion–exogenous gelation method. The properties of the formulations were studied. The results showed that the release behaviors of the formulations in water could be well described by the logistic model, and the release occurred through Fickian diffusion. Among the four formulations, SCCA showed the highest entrapment efficiency, drug loading and the slowest release rate. Degradation studies revealed that the SCCA formulation exhibited an obvious slower degradation rate of spirotetramat in soils than the commercially available formulation. The estimated half-life of the SCCA formulation was 2.31, 3.25, and 4.51 days in waterloggogenic paddy soil, purplish soil, and montmorillonite, respectively, when the soils were moistened to 60% of its dry weight. This study provided a possible approach to prolong the duration of spirotetramat and to reduce environmental contamination.
研究领域:
农药科学
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环境科学
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材料科学
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
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2020
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IF 1.431
Yiran Liang,Wenxia Wu,Xiaojun Cheng,Jiye Hu
The aim of this study was to investigate the fate, terminal residues and risk assessment of spirotetramat and its four metabolites in pineapple and pineapple pulp samples. To achieve this goal, a simple, efficient and sensitive method based on QuEChERS technique was developed using LC-MS/MS. The limit of quantification was 0.01 mg/kg for all the target analytes with the average recoveries ranging from 77% to 109%. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the fate and terminal residue of spirotetramat and its four metabolites in pineapple and pineapple pulp samples in China. The dissipation dynamics of spirotetramat in pineapple were investigated according to first-order kinetics and the calculated half-lives were 4.6 and 2.3 days in the two sampling locations. After two or three applications at the doses of 80 to120 mg a.i./kg, the highest spirotetramat residue (sum of spirotetramat and its four metabolites) that detected in pineapple and pineapple pulp samples were 0.203 and 0.064 mg/kg. The dietary risk assessment of spirotetramat in pineapple was assessed by risk quotients and the calculated risk quotient value was found to be far below 100%, indicating a low health risk to the consumers. As there was no recommended MRL value in pineapple in China, these results should be useful for safe and reasonable usage of spirotetramat in pineapple in China.
研究领域:
食品科学
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环境科学
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毒理学
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AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
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2025
·
IF 4.3
Xunyue Liu,Junyao Ge,Haojie Zhu,Peng Liu,Huidi Zhang,Qiong Rao,Wenze He,Jianqiang Sun
Spirotetramat is a novel, tetrahydrofuran-based broad-spectrum insecticide. It is widely used in global agriculture due to its high insecticidal activity. However, its long-term and extensive use causes environmental accumulation, making its toxicity to non-target organisms a key issue in environmental risk assessments. Previous studies have confirmed that it causes oxidative damage in zebrafish embryos and gonads. The toxic effects and mechanisms of spirotetramat in the zebrafish intestine remain unclear, despite its importance in digestion and absorption, immune defense, and microbiota-host interactions. This study systematically investigated the toxic effects of spirotetramat on zebrafish intestine using multidimensional approaches, including histopathological observation, detection of oxidative stress-related gene expression, and analysis of intestinal microbiota. This study found that gene expression levels of sod, cat , and gpx increased in the 0.08 mg/L group but decreased in the 2 mg/L group, indicating that low concentrations activate the intestinal antioxidant system, while high concentrations cause significant overload. Histopathological analysis revealed intestinal damage, including villus fragmentation and epithelial detachment, in the 2 mg/L treatment group. The increased alkaline phosphatase activity in the 2 mg/L group may be associated with compensatory repair. Microbiota analysis revealed an elevated quantity and diversity of intestinal flora in the treatment groups, with altered abundance of specific bacteria in the 2 mg/L treatment group. Functional prediction of the microbiota suggested that spirotetramat exposure induced changes in metabolic functions. In conclusion, spirotetramat induced intestinal oxidative stress in zebrafish, leading to intestinal barrier damage and microbiota dysbiosis. This study provides a theoretical basis for the comprehensive assessment of spirotetramat's ecological risks.
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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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2024
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IF 8.2
Xunyue Liu,Haojie Zhu,Peng Liu,Junyao Ge,Qiong Rao,Wenze He,Jianqiang Sun
Spirotetramat, an insecticide derived from cycloketone and extensively utilized in agricultural production, has been reported to be toxic to an array of aquatic organisms. Previous studies have indicated that spirotetramat can cause toxicity such as impaired ovarian development and apoptosis in zebrafish, but its toxicological effects on lipid metabolism and liver health in zebrafish remain unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of spirotetramat exposure on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) by examining key markers of lipid metabolism, alterations in gene expression related to this process, and histological characteristics of the liver. Spirotetramat significantly reduced the condition factor, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 2 mg/L. The expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis ( acacb ), β-oxidation ( acox1 , pparda ) and pro-inflammatory cytokines ( tnf-α , il-1β ) was downregulated. However, the expression of genes related to lipid transport and uptake ( cd36 , ppara ) and output ( apob ) was upregulated. The activity of alanine aminotransferase was significantly inhibited. Histopathology results showed that spirotetramat exposure led to liver cell vacuolation and necrosis. In addition, molecular docking results of spirotetramat and lipid transport related protein ( ACC , ApoB ) in both zebrafish and human showed the binding energy of human proteins is lower than that for zebrafish, and that the number of hydrogen bonds formed was higher. It is speculated that spirotetramat may also pose a significant potential hazard to humans, potentially affecting human lipid metabolism and health. This study expunge shed light on the ecological toxicity of spirotetramat by showing how it disrupts lipid metabolism and causes tissue damage specifically in zebrafish liver, contributing to a deeper understanding of its harmful effects in aquatic environment.
研究领域:
水生毒理学
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分子生物学
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环境科学
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Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
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2025
·
IF 2.2
Qingyuan Yan,Jiye Hu
To determine the residue levels of flonicamid and its metabolites 4−trifluoromethylnicotinamide (TFNA−AM), 4−trifluoromethylnicotinic acid (TFNA), N−(4−trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycine (TFNG), and spirotetramat and its metabolites spirotetramat−enol (B−enol), spirotetramat−monohydroxy (B−mono), spirotetramat−keto−hydroxy (B−keto), and spirotetramat−enol−glucoside (B−glu) in cottonseed from eight regions of China, a simultaneous detection method for these nine compounds in cottonseed was developed based on a modified QuEChERS and LC−MS/MS. The cottonseed samples were extracted using 10 mL acetonitrile, 30 mg citric acid, and citrate buffer, then purified with 10 mg chitin, 20 mg C18, and 5 mg GCB. The average recoveries of all target compounds ranged from 72% to 105% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.4%−10.4%. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of all target compounds were 0.01 mg/kg. Supervised cotton field trials were conducted under Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) conditions, and flonicamid−spirotetramat 40% suspended concentrate (SC) was sprayed once at the highest recommended dosage of 108 g active ingredient/ha (g a.i./ha) during the early stages of cotton aphid infestation. The results indicated that the residue levels of nine target compounds in cottonseed samples were less than 0.01 mg/kg at a 14−day pre−harvest interval (PHI, 14 d). This study provides scientific guidance for the safe use of flonicamid and spirotetramat on cotton.
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2026
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IF 10.6
Xunyue Liu,Peng Liu,Haojie Zhu,Junyao Ge,Qiong Rao,Jianqiang Sun
Spirotetramat, a broad-spectrum tetronic acid insecticide, is widely used in agriculture because of its high insecticidal efficacy. However, its intensive and prolonged use may result in environmental accumulation and potential risks to non-target organisms. Although previous studies have demonstrated that spirotetramat induces developmental, reproductive, and hepatic toxicity in zebrafish, its neurotoxic effects on the brain and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically evaluate the neurotoxicity of spirotetramat in zebrafish and to explore the potential molecular mechanisms involved.Histopathological examination, behavioral analysis, neurotransmitter quantification, transcriptomic profiling, and molecular docking were performed. Spirotetramat exposure caused obvious histopathological damage in the zebrafish brain, including vacuolation and cellular degeneration, and induced abnormal locomotor behaviors, as evidenced by increased swimming speed and distance, together with enhanced thigmotaxis, geotaxis, and scototaxis. In addition, spirotetramat disrupted neurotransmitter homeostasis, characterized by elevated DOPAC and HK levels and reduced Pun levels. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant alterations in pathways related to visual transduction and neural regulation, accompanied by upregulated expression of key visual genes, including rho , pde6a , and saga . Molecular docking suggested potential interactions between spirotetramat and visual-related proteins in both zebrafish and humans. Overall, spirotetramat exerts significant neurotoxic effects in zebrafish, which may be associated with disruption of neurotransmitter homeostasis and visual-related signaling pathways. These findings provide new insights into the neurotoxic potential of spirotetramat and provide a basis for future experimental investigation of its ecological and potential human health risks.
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JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
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2022
·
IF 5.895
Siwei Wang,Xiaonan Wang,Hong Chang,Haibin Sun,Yanping Liu
The presence of pesticides in foodstuffs has received increasing amount of attention worldwide. In this study, an efficient and sensitive QuEChERS/HPLC-MS/MS-based method was established for the simultaneous detection of indaziflam, cyantraniliprole, spirotetramat, and their metabolites on fruits and vegetables. The purification procedure and detection condition parameters were optimized. Good precision and reproducibility were found for the method, and the average recoveries of the target analytes ranged from 71 to 118%, with the relative standard deviation ranging from 2 to 12%. The limits of quantification and the limits of detection were 1–5 and 0.3–1.5 μg kg–1, respectively. The proposed method was used to detect three pesticides and their metabolites in fruit and vegetable samples collected from China’s major producing regions. Furthermore, the dietary risk posed by the pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables was evaluated by risk quotients (RQs) and risk probabilities (RPs). The RQ and RP values were less than 100% for Chinese consumers. This study not only provides a reliable analytical method for monitoring purposes but also serves as a significant guide for food safety and export.
研究领域:
食品安全
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分析化学
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毒理学
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2023
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IF 8.9
Fang Jiao,Hua Rong,Yang Zhao,Panfeng Wu,Yaohui Long,Jie Xu,Tao Zhao,Lingxi Han,Jun Wang,Huirong Yang
Spirotetramat (SPT), a tetronic acid-derived insecticide, is implicated in reproductive and lipid metabolism disorders, as well as developmental toxicity in fish. While these effects are documented, the precise mechanisms underlying its developmental toxicity are not fully elucidated. In this study, zebrafish embryos (2 h post-fertilization, hpf) were exposed to four concentrations of SPT (0, 60, 120, and 240 μg/L) until 21 dpf (days post-fertilization). We delved into the mechanisms by examining its potential disruption of the thyroid endocrine system, employing in vivo , in vitro , and in silico assays. The findings showed notable developmental disturbances, including reduced hatching rates, shortened body lengths, and decelerated heart rates. Additionally, there was an increase in malformations and a decline in locomotor activity. Detailed analyses revealed that SPT exposure led to elevated thyroid hormone levels, perturbed the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis transcript levels, amplified deiodinase type I (Dio1) and deiodinase type II (Dio2) activities, and both transcriptionally and proteomically upregulated thyroid receptor beta (TRβ) in larvae. Techniques like molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed SPT's affinity for TRβ, consistent with in vitro findings suggesting its antagonistic effect on the T3-TR complex. These insights emphasize the need for caution in using tetronic acid-derived insecticides.
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危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）