WASTE MANAGEMENT
·
2021
·
IF 7.145
Xiefei Zhu,Zejun Luo,Xifeng Zhu
Enriching high-value chemicals from the pyrolysis of agricultural and forestry waste is an efficient way to achieve sustainable development and large-scale application of biomass pyrolysis. Phenols, as important chemical raw materials, spices and food additives, have attracted widespread attention. Herein, a novel technical route of torrefaction pretreatment combined with fractional condensation in pyrolysis loop was proposed to enrich the phenols in liquid products. In this study, the enrichment of phenols from the pyrolysis loop of walnut shell under the combination of torrefaction and fractional condensation was explored using a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor equipped with a three-stage condensation system. Simultaneously, the effects of torrefaction on feedstocks were investigated through a thermogravimetric analyzer based on the characteristics of feedstocks. The results showed that the torrefaction and pyrolysis loop had a negative impact on the pyrolysis efficiency and the yield of liquid products, while the change in the condensation efficiency depended on the combined effects of torrefaction and pyrolysis loop. In addition, phenols tended to be enriched in the second condensation stage, especially phenol, o-cresol, 4-ethylphenol. Importantly, torrefaction could significantly enrich phenols in the liquid products, and the enrichment of phenols is relatively increased by 109.44% at least. Moreover, the pyrolysis loop was also beneficial to the enrichment of phenols, which was at least 90% higher than that of walnut shell. This study provided a potential route to enrich high value-added products from the pyrolysis loop of lignocellulosic biomass.
研究领域:
生物质能
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化学工程
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可持续发展
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DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
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IF 13.3
Jialong Xu,Liang Zhu,Wei Cai,Zixia Ding,Dengyu Chen,Wenbiao Zhang,Chuang Xing,Kaige Wang,Zhongqing Ma
The oxidative torrefaction pretreatment (OTP) is a promising approach to upgrade the quality of biomass. This work investigated the oxidative torrefaction mechanism based on the OTP experiment of biomass pseudo component (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) at varying OTP temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Results showed that more mass of biomass was transferred into the torrefied gaseous and liquid products with OTP temperature and oxygen concentration increasing, remaining less mass in torrefied solid product. The element distribution in biomass pseudo component was optimized after OTP, presenting as the removal of oxygen element and the enrichment of carbon element. The variation of these two elements in hemicellulose after OTP was much higher than that of cellulose and lignin due to the more intensive thermal decomposition reaction in hemicellulose. The chemical compounds in torrefied liquid products from biomass pseudo component were highly differentiated with each other, the anhydrosugars (e.g., levoglucosenone (LGO) and levoglucosan (LG)) and furans (e.g., furfural (FF)) from OTP of cellulose, the furans (e.g., furfural (FF)) and acids (e.g., acetic acid (AA)) from OTP of hemicellulose, the phenols from OTP of lignin. The concentrations of the released gas components during OTP of biomass pseudo component were ranked as CO 2 > CO > H 2 ≈ CH 4 . The thermal degradation mechanism of biomass OTP was revealed.
研究领域:
能源植物学
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化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Processes
·
2025
·Vol. 13
·期 11
·3543
·
IF 2.8
Zhen Zhao,Meng Chen,Lei Wang
This study investigates the torrefaction of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cellulose, two major constituents of agricultural waste, with the aim of improving chlorine removal and enhancing the energy quality of the resulting solid products. Thermodynamic simulations using HSC Chemistry 9.0 were first conducted to predict equilibrium compositions, particularly chlorine-containing species. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coupled TGA-FTIR were employed to monitor mass loss and identify gaseous chlorine compounds. Based on these preliminary results, torrefaction experiments were carried out at temperatures of 250–300 °C and durations of 30–90 min. The results demonstrate a significant synergistic effect between cellulose and PVC during co-torrefaction, achieving 97% chlorine removal under optimal conditions (9:1 cellulose-to-PVC ratio, 250 °C, 30 min). This effective dechlorination helps mitigate Cl-induced corrosion and reduces the risk of dioxin formation in industrial applications, enabling the sustainable upcycling of PVC-contaminated biomass into clean solid fuels. Torrefaction temperature exerted a stronger influence than time on mass loss, yielding approximately 40% solid residue at 300 °C. While both solid and energy yields decreased with increasing temperature and time, the O/C and H/C atomic ratios decreased by 56% and 48%, respectively, indicating a substantial improvement in fuel properties. The observed synergy is attributed to cellulose-derived hydroxyl radicals promoting PVC dehydrochlorination. This process offers a scalable and economically viable pretreatment route for PVC-containing biomass, potentially reducing boiler corrosion and hazardous emissions.
研究领域:
能源工程
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废物资源化
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热化学转化
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环境科学
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可持续燃料
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2026
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IF 10
Enfang Gou,Xuesong Hui,Huiling Liu,Jingze Guan,Jie Yao,Xiaohu Dai
The persistence of tetracycline (TC) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in tetracycline mycelial residue (TMR) has emerged as a concern. Torrefaction has been demonstrated as an effective treatment for reducing both contaminants. However, the effect of torrefaction as a pretreatment on controlling antibiotic resistance during composting remains unclear. Thus, the dynamics of residual TC, ARGs, and the microbial community succession were compared during composting of raw and torrefied TMR. The results indicate that torrefaction at 200.0 °C for 60.0 min is an effective pretreatment for improving the safety of TMR composting without negatively affecting its performance. No TC was detected in the compost derived from TMR torrefied under these conditions, while ARG relative abundance (RA) remained consistently low throughout the process. Compared with the control group, torrefaction at 200.0 °C for 60.0 min reduced ARG RA in the fertilizer by 10.4 %. Furthermore, the RA of ARGs associated with potential human pathogenic microorganisms (HPMs) decreased by 58.9 % in the final product. The limited mobility of residual ARGs ( rsmA , mexK , and vanRO ) in compost products and the non-pathogenic phenotype of their hosts collectively indicate limited environmental risks. The persistence of these ARGs was attributed to the high-temperature, oxidative composting environment and dynamics secondary metabolites. These findings demonstrate that torrefaction combined with composting is a promising strategy for mitigating antibiotic resistance risks and facilitating the resource reutilization of TMR.
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DOI
高影响因子
APPLIED ENERGY
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2023
·
IF 11.2
Beibei Yan,Songjiang Li,Xingsijin Cao,Xiaochao Zhu,Jian Li,Shengquan Zhou,Juan Zhao,Yunan Sun,Guanyi Chen
Flue gas torrefaction (FGT) is a feasible way to improve fuel properties and enhance gasification performance. Torrefaction inevitably causes CO 2 emissions. In this study, FGT integrated with gasification based on the circulation of Mg-additive (MgO-FGT-GS) was developed to capture CO 2 released during FGT and transferred it to gasification to achieve a higher effective carbon conversion efficiency (ECC). Firstly, FGT with Mg-additive (MgO-FGT) was conducted on distilled spirits lees (DSL) and the effect of different Mg-additive (MgO) ratios was explored. Based on the characterizations of DSL and Mg-additive before and after MgO-FGT, the mechanism of MgO-FGT was revealed, and the looping property of Mg-additive was investigated. A fixed-bed gasification experiment was finally performed to validate the MgO-FGT-GS process. The results show that the optimal MgO-FGT was obtained as the MgO: DSL ratio was 1:1. Under this condition, the torrefied DSL had the highest HHV of 16.20 MJ/kg and the lowest O/C ratio. In MgO-FGT, the MgO absorbed 15.75 % of CO 2 and changed into basic magnesium carbonate. Then in gasification, CO 2 was released by Mg-additive at 800 ℃, and the Mg-additive largely returned to MgO. The LHV of syngas of the MgO-FGT-GS was 9.22 MJ/Nm 3 , which was 1.3 times higher than raw DSL. Meanwhile, the tar yield decreased by 68.99 %, and the ECC increased by 1.5 times. Therefore, the MgO-FGT-GS process shows a great improvement in gasification and better utilization of CO 2 . This study provides a technological breakthrough for the full-component utilization and low-carbon conversion of biomass.
研究领域:
能源与环境科学
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生物质能工程
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DOI
高影响因子
MOLECULES
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2023
·Vol. 28
·期 22
·7671
·
IF 4.6
Liu Shi,Yiming Sun,Xian Li,Shuo Li,Bing Peng,Zhenzhong Hu,Hongyun Hu,Guangqian Luo,Hong Yao
A novel gas-pressurized (GP) torrefaction method at 250 °C has recently been developed that realizes the deep decomposition of cellulose in lignocellulosic solid wastes (LSW) to as high as 90% through deoxygenation and aromatization reactions. However, the deoxygenation and aromatization mechanisms are currently unclear. In this work, these mechanisms were studied through a developed molecular structure calculation method and the GP torrefaction of pure cellulose. The results demonstrate that GP torrefaction at 250 °C causes 47 wt.% of mass loss and 72 wt.% of O removal for cellulose, while traditional torrefaction at atmospheric pressure has almost no impact on cellulose decomposition. The GP-torrefied cellulose is determined to be composed of an aromatic furans nucleus with branch aliphatic C through conventional characterization. A molecular structure calculation method and its principles were developed for further investigation of molecular-level mechanisms. It was found 2-ring furans aromatic compound intermediate is formed by intra- and inter-molecular dehydroxylation reactions of amorphous cellulose, and the removal of O-containing function groups is mainly through the production of H2O. The three-ring furans aromatic compound intermediate and GP-torrefied cellulose are further formed through the polymerization reaction, which enhances the removal of ketones and aldehydes function groups in intermediate torrefied cellulose and form gaseous CO and O-containing organic molecules. A deoxygenation and aromatization mechanism model was developed based on the above investigation. This work provides theoretical guidance for the optimization of the gas-pressurized torrefaction method and a study method for the determination of molecular-level structure and the mechanism investigation of the thermal conversion processes of LSW.Keywords:lignocellulosic solid wastes;cellulose;gas-pressurized torrefaction;molecular structure;deoxygenation mechanism;aromatization mechanism
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2024
·
IF 9.7
Enfang Gou,Xuesong Hui,Siqi Song,Huiling Liu,Jie Yao,Xiaohu Dai
Tetracycline mycelial residue (TMR), a byproduct derived from the tetracycline fermentation process, is rich in organic matter, making it a promising resource. However, the presence of residual tetracycline and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) limits its potential for resource utilization. In this study, torrefaction was employed for the harmless treatment of low-moisture TMR, and the optimized condition was 200.0 °C for 30.0 min. Under this condition, 97.2% of tetracycline (TC) in TMR could be efficiently removed, with more organic matter reserved for resource utilization. The plausible degradation pathway was proposed, involving the formation of lactone structure and anhydro-tetracycline (ATC) during TC degradation, followed by a series of reactions among main functional groups, including concerted reactions, retro-Diels-Alder (RDA), cleavage reactions, and rearrangement. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of degradation products from TC has significantly diminished, and the structure of ARGs and bacteria was disrupted during the torrefaction of TMR. After the treated TMR was amended into the soil as fertilizer, the dissemination of ARGs could also be effectively controlled. Therefore, torrefaction could be recommended as a promising harmless treatment for the resource utilization of low-moisture TMR.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
微生物学
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DOI
高影响因子
ENERGY
·
2026
·
IF 10.1
Xuebin Liang,Xiang Meng,Zhirui Xiong,Zhening Zhou,Xiangting Li,Hao Zhan,Xingbang Wan,Lijian Leng,Hailong Li
Waste wood-based panels (WWPs), which consist of wood fibers and adhesives, are a potentially valuable source of biowastes. However, their high nitrogen content and low energy density pose considerable challenges for energy recovery. This study proposed a novel strategy, namely metal-oxide-assisted torrefaction (MOT) integrated with combustion, to improve the waste-to-energy conversion of WWPs. The effects of metal oxides (CaO, Fe 2 O 3 , and MgO) on the composition, structure, and combustion behavior of the resulting MOT-derived biofuels were investigated using proximate and ultimate analyses, XPS, XRD, FTIR, and TG-MS. Under optimal torrefaction conditions (5 wt%, 300 °C, 30 min), metal oxides were found to improve both fuel properties and combustion performance. Specifically, they enhanced fuel upgradation (energy density ratio: 1.14-1.17, energy recovery efficiency: 81.9-86.7%) and denitrogenation (nitrogen density ratio: 0.60-0.65, nitrogen removal efficiency: 53.3-56.3%) by facilitating the formation of high-energy carbon bonds and stable nitrogen functionalities such as pyrrole-N and pyridine-N during torrefaction. Furthermore, compared to raw or conventionally torrefied feedstock, all MOT products exhibited better combustion behavior, characterized by reduced emissions of inert and nitrogenous gases, increased reaction stability, and lower activation energy. These improvements were most pronounced with CaO, owing to the promoting effects of alkali salts (e.g., CaCO 3 and CaC x N y ) formed during the torrefaction process. Therefore, integrating MOT with combustion offers a viable pathway for converting WWPs into clean and high-quality solid biofuels, providing important insights for optimizing the thermal valorization of such waste materials.
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DOI
高影响因子
Bioresource Technology Reports
·
2026
·
IF 5
Chao Li,Tangtang Xie,Junfeng Lin,Chengfa Li,Dengyun Cao,Guangming Du,Xintai Su
Composted pig manure (CPM) contains abundant organic matter; however, its complex matrix tends to undergo competitive carbonization during pyrolysis, limiting humification efficiency. In this study, a two-step process combining Fe-assisted low-temperature pyrolysis with alkaline extraction was developed to convert CPM into potassium humate (HA-K). Under optimized conditions (225 °C, 120 min, 5 wt% KOH), the HA-K yield increased from 49.07% to 78.14% with the addition of 1.5 wt% Fe, indicating a substantial enhancement in conversion efficiency. Fe incorporation promoted oxygen functionalization, aromatic condensation, and molecular reorganization, resulting in more humified structures approaching natural humic substances. Mechanistically, Fe facilitated the redistribution of reactive intermediates during pyrolysis, favoring the formation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles and stable aromatic frameworks. Correspondingly, the obtained humic substances exhibited enhanced bioactivity, significantly promoting wheat growth. At the optimal concentration (100 mg/L), shoot and root lengths increased by 8.15% and 54.78%, respectively, accompanied by increased biomass accumulation and protein content. This work provides new insight into Fe-driven thermochemical humification and offers a scalable route for the high-value utilization of livestock waste.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
THERMOCHIMICA ACTA
·
2022
·
IF 3.378
Shipeng Sun,Qing Wang,Chunlei Wu,Hongpeng Liu,Baizhong Sun
The aim of this study was to identify the changes in fuel properties and pyrolysis characteristics of the torrefied real components of corn stalk. The isolated components were torrefied with simulated flue gas and nitrogen in a thermogravimetric analyzer at 230, 260 and 290 °C for 30 min. The ultimate analysis indicated that flue gas atmosphere was beneficial to improving the fuel properties of isolated components. Compared to non-oxidative atmosphere, the flue gas had a greater impact on the initial pyrolysis temperature and char yield of the isolated components. The results of mathematical deconvolution analysis (MDA) demonstrated that the pyrolysis weight losses of native mixture could be quantitatively represented by the linear summation of isolated components. The differential thermogravimetric (DTG) characteristic curves could be used to qualitative analyze the changes in relative contents of the structural components of the torrefied biomass.
研究领域:
能源植物学
·
生物质能工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energy Chemistry
·
2022
·
IF 13.599
Shanjian Liu,An Zhao,Jia Liu,Mengqian Yin,Fupeng Huang,Dongmei Bi
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of nitrogen doping, migration, and conversion during ammonia torrefaction and also explore the evolution law of the chemical structure of cellulose. The results showed that the ammonia torrefaction pretreatment could significantly optimize the distribution of nitrogen and oxygen elements in cellulose. The carbon skeleton first captured the active nitrogenous radicals to form –NH n -N, and pyridine-N and pyrrole-N originated from the conversion of –NH n -N. The existence of C O played a major role in the immobilization of nitrogen. The nitrogen in bio-oil exists mainly in the form of five- and six-membered heterocycles. The correlation analysis showed that the main precursors for the formation of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds were five-membered O-heterocyclic compounds. Finally, the product distribution characteristics in the torrefaction-pyrolysis systems were summarized, and the nitrogen doping and conversion mechanisms were proposed. This study expanded the boundaries of cellulose pretreatment and the production of high-value chemicals.
研究领域:
生物质能
·
化学工程
·
材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
·
2023
·
IF 9.8
Shipeng Sun,Qing Wang,Xinmin Wang,Chunlei Wu,Xu Zhang,Jingru Bai,Baizhong Sun
Agroforestry Waste (AW) is seen as a carbon neutral resource. However, the poor quality of AW reduced its potential application value. Even more unfortunately, chlorine in AW led to the formation of organic pollutants such as dioxins under higher temperatures. Alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) in ash may deepen the reaction degree. Co-pretreatment of dry torrefaction and de-ashing followed by thermochemical conversion is a promising technology, which can improve raw material quality, inhibit the release of organic pollutants and transform AW into eco-friendly energy carriers. In order to better understand the process, theoretical basis such as the structural characteristics, thermal properties and separation methods of structural components of AW are described in detail. In addition, dry torrefaction related reactors, process parameters, kinetic analysis models as well as the evaluation methods of torrefaction degree and environmental impact are systematically reviewed. The problem of ash accumulation caused by dry torrefaction can be well solved by de-ashing pretreatment . This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the role of the two- and three-stage conversion technologies around dry torrefacion, de-ashing pretreatment and thermochemical conversion in products quality enhancement. Finally, the existing technical challenges, including suppression of gaseous pollutant release, harmless treatment and reuse of torrefaction liquid product (TPL) and reduction of torrefaction operating costs, are summarized and evaluated. The future research directions, such as vitrification of the reused TPL (after de-ashing or acid catalysis) and integration of oxidative torrefaction with thermochemical conversion technologies, are proposed.
研究领域:
可再生能源
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废物管理
·
环境工程
·
化学工程
·
生物能源
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）