Antioxidant Mechanisms, Stability, and Delivery Strategies of Resveratrol in Skincare Research
Antioxidant Mechanisms, Stability, and Delivery Strategies of Resveratrol in Skincare Research
1 Molecular Basis of Resveratrol
1.1 Ingredient Definition and Sources
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic stilbene compound, chemically known as 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene. In nature, resveratrol is mainly found in grape skins, berries, peanuts, Japanese knotweed, and other plants. It is a stress-resistance substance produced by plants in response to ultraviolet radiation, fungal infection, or environmental stress. In skincare research and efficacy-oriented formulations, trans-resveratrol is more commonly studied because it is the more prevalent naturally occurring isomer and has been more extensively investigated.
1.2 Structural Features Determine Antioxidant Potential
The antioxidant capacity of resveratrol comes from three key structural features:
Structural Feature | Significance for Antioxidant Activity |
Three phenolic hydroxyl groups | Can donate hydrogen atoms or electrons to neutralize highly reactive free radicals |
Stilbene backbone | Facilitates electron delocalization and reduces the reactivity of the radical species formed after reaction |
Conjugated double-bond system | Stabilizes phenoxy radicals and helps inhibit the propagation of oxidative chain reactions |
1.3 Overview of the Mechanisms of Action of Resveratrol
The skincare value of resveratrol is built on three levels of action:
① At the molecular level, it reduces the reactivity of certain free radicals and lipid peroxyl radicals through hydrogen atom or electron donation from phenolic hydroxyl groups;
② At the cellular level, it regulates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE axis, thereby enhancing endogenous antioxidant, detoxification, and repair capacities;
③ Through SIRT1-, AMPK-, and NF-κB-related pathways, it helps weaken the mutual amplification between oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
Schematic overview of the core mechanisms of resveratrol: Resveratrol can reduce ROS/RNS-related damage through direct antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation chain reactions. At the same time, it regulates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE axis, enhancing HO-1, NQO1, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH-related defense systems. It also modulates SIRT1/AMPK and NF-κB-related pathways, helping to attenuate the oxidative-inflammatory cycle.
2 Effects of Resveratrol on Free Radicals and Reactive Nitrogen Species
2.1 Major Sources of Oxidative Stress in the Skin
Long-term exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation, air pollution, smoke, psychological stress, and inflammatory stimuli can generate a variety of highly reactive molecules. These molecules mainly include reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. They can directly or indirectly attack cell membrane lipids, proteins, mitochondria, and deoxyribonucleic acid, thereby weakening barrier function and amplifying inflammatory responses.
Type | Abbreviation | Representative Molecules | Effects on the Skin |
Reactive oxygen species | ROS | Hydroxyl radical •OH, superoxide anion O₂•⁻, lipid peroxyl radical LOO• | Oxidize lipids, proteins, and DNA, damaging cell membranes and barrier structures |
Reactive nitrogen species | RNS | Peroxynitrite ONOO⁻, nitrogen dioxide radical NO₂• | Induce protein nitration, mitochondrial damage, and amplification of inflammatory signaling |
2.2 Inhibition of Hydroxyl Radicals and Lipid Peroxidation Chains
The hydroxyl radical •OH is extremely reactive and can rapidly attack cell membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA. The phenolic hydroxyl groups in resveratrol can donate hydrogen atoms or electrons and react with certain highly reactive free radicals, reducing their ability to further attack biomolecules.
In the skin barrier, a key damage process is the lipid peroxidation chain reaction. After free radicals attack cell membrane lipids and stratum corneum lipids, lipid radicals L• are formed. Lipid radicals combine with oxygen to generate lipid peroxyl radicals LOO•. LOO• then continues to attack surrounding lipids, forming new lipid radicals and allowing oxidative damage to spread continuously.
The lipid peroxidation chain reaction can be simplified as:
LH → L• → LOO• → LOOH
Here, LH represents an unoxidized lipid molecule, L• represents a lipid radical, LOO• represents a lipid peroxyl radical, and LOOH represents a lipid hydroperoxide. Under the presence of metal ions, light exposure, heat, or related reaction conditions, LOOH can further decompose and promote the generation of new lipid radicals.
The core process by which resveratrol participates in chain-breaking antioxidant reactions is:
Resveratrol–OH + LOO• → Resveratrol–O• + LOOH
Here, Resveratrol–OH represents the phenolic hydroxyl structure of resveratrol, while Resveratrol–O• represents the phenoxy radical formed after resveratrol reacts. Because resveratrol contains aromatic rings and a conjugated double-bond structure, the phenoxy radical formed after the reaction is relatively stable and is less likely to initiate further lipid peroxidation reactions. Through this process, resveratrol can reduce the continuous attack of lipid peroxyl radicals on cell membrane lipids and decrease oxidative damage to membrane lipids.
2.3 Regulation of Superoxide Anion, Peroxynitrite, and NO-Related Stress
The superoxide anion O₂•⁻ is one of the important sources of various ROS. It can further participate in the formation of hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂ and, in the presence of metal ions, indirectly promote the formation of hydroxyl radicals •OH. Meanwhile, O₂•⁻ can rapidly react with NO to form ONOO⁻, thereby aggravating nitrative stress and oxidative damage.
The regulation of O₂•⁻-related oxidative stress by resveratrol involves two levels: first, its phenolic hydroxyl structure participates in the scavenging of certain free radicals; second, it enhances intracellular antioxidant enzyme systems, reducing continuous damage caused by persistent ROS accumulation.
The harmful effects of ONOO⁻ mainly arise from its strong oxidizing and nitrating capacity. It can oxidize lipids and proteins and nitrate tyrosine residues in proteins, affecting enzyme activity, mitochondrial function, and cellular homeostasis. In vitro and cell model studies have shown that resveratrol can reduce ONOO⁻-related oxidative/nitrative damage and alleviate cellular injury jointly induced by inducible nitric oxide synthase, superoxide generation, and peroxynitrite formation.
3 Resveratrol and Endogenous Cellular Antioxidant Defense
3.1 Nrf2 Is an Important Transcriptional Regulator of Antioxidant Defense
Nrf2 stands for nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. It is a key transcription factor involved in cellular antioxidant, defense, and detoxification responses. Nrf2 can enter the nucleus and bind to the antioxidant response element, or ARE, thereby promoting the expression of various protective genes. Nrf2 can regulate multiple antioxidant, detoxification, and cytoprotective genes. Its typical downstream targets and related defense systems include:
Defense System | Representative Molecules | Main Function |
Antioxidant enzyme system | Superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT, glutathione peroxidase GPx | Reduces ROS accumulation and may be coordinately regulated within the oxidative stress defense network |
Phase II detoxification system | Heme oxygenase-1 HO-1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 NQO1 | Enhances cellular detoxification and antioxidant capacity |
Glutathione system | Glutamate-cysteine ligase GCLC, glutathione GSH | Promotes glutathione synthesis and maintains the cellular reducing environment |
Typical downstream protective genes of Nrf2 | HO-1/HMOX1, NQO1, GCLC/GCLM, GST, SRXN1, TXNRD1 | Enhances cellular antioxidant, detoxification, and electrophilic stress defense capacity |
3.2 Activation Process of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Axis
Keap1 stands for Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1. Under normal conditions, Keap1 binds to Nrf2 and promotes Nrf2 ubiquitination and degradation, keeping intracellular Nrf2 levels low. When oxidative stress increases, cysteine residues in Keap1 undergo conformational changes, reducing Nrf2 degradation and allowing Nrf2 to become gradually stabilized. Nrf2 then enters the nucleus and activates ARE-related gene expression.
Resveratrol can enhance the cell’s own antioxidant, detoxification, and repair capacities by regulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE axis. Free radical scavenging at the molecular level provides short-term protection, while Nrf2-related defense gene expression provides sustained cellular-level protection. Together, these two mechanisms form the core of the antioxidant action of resveratrol.
4 Coordinated Regulation of SIRT1, Nrf2, and NF-κB
4.1 SIRT1 and Cellular Stress Adaptation
SIRT1 stands for sirtuin 1. It is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD⁺, dependent deacetylase. SIRT1 participates in energy metabolism, mitochondrial homeostasis, cellular stress adaptation, and inflammatory regulation.
Resveratrol is closely associated with SIRT1-related pathways. Existing studies support that resveratrol can influence SIRT1, AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK, and NAD⁺ metabolism-related networks, thereby improving the ability of cells to adapt to oxidative stress.
4.2 NF-κB and the Oxidative-Inflammatory Cycle
NF-κB stands for nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. It is one of the core transcription factors involved in inflammatory responses. Ultraviolet radiation, pollution, inflammatory cytokines, and ROS can all activate NF-κB, causing cells to express more pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and cyclooxygenase-related inflammatory factors. Oxidative stress and inflammation can amplify each other:
Process | Result |
Ultraviolet radiation, pollution, and inflammatory stimuli increase ROS/RNS | Oxidative damage to cell membranes, proteins, and DNA increases |
ROS/RNS activate NF-κB | Expression of inflammatory factors increases |
Inflammatory responses persist | More ROS/RNS are generated |
Oxidation and inflammation reinforce each other | Barrier damage, redness, dullness, and aging-related signals become more pronounced |
SIRT1 can reduce NF-κB-mediated inflammatory transcriptional activity by deacetylating the NF-κB p65 subunit. Nrf2 tends to initiate antioxidant and cytoprotective gene expression, while NF-κB tends to drive inflammatory amplification. By influencing SIRT1-, Nrf2-, and NF-κB-related pathways, resveratrol helps attenuate the cycle of “increased oxidative stress—increased inflammation—more ROS/RNS generation.”
5 Stability Issues of Resveratrol in Skincare Formulations
5.1 Effects of Light, Oxygen, and Temperature on Stability
Resveratrol has strong biological activity, but it also has a certain degree of instability. Under light exposure, especially ultraviolet radiation, trans-resveratrol can undergo trans/cis isomerization. Under prolonged or intense light exposure, further photochemical reactions may also lead to degradation or the formation of by-products. High temperature accelerates molecular movement as well as oxidation and isomerization processes. Long-term storage at high temperatures increases the risk of loss of active content.
5.2 Limitations in Solubility and Skin Availability
Resveratrol is a relatively lipophilic polyphenolic molecule with low water solubility. Low water solubility can limit its uniform dispersion in aqueous-phase formulations and may also affect its partitioning from the formulation system into the lipid structure of the skin’s stratum corneum. In topical skincare products, the effectiveness of resveratrol depends not only on the amount added, but also on its stability state, solubilized state, release rate, and local retention capacity in the skin.
6 Protection and Delivery of Resveratrol in Modern Formulations
6.1 Antioxidant Combination: Building Synergistic Protection Across Aqueous and Lipid Phases
Resveratrol can be combined with antioxidant ingredients such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and ferulic acid to form a multi-level antioxidant system.
Combination Ingredient | Main Characteristics | Synergistic Value with Resveratrol |
Vitamin C, ascorbic acid | Primarily an aqueous-phase antioxidant | Helps reduce oxidative stress in aqueous environments |
Vitamin E, tocopherol | Primarily a lipid-phase antioxidant | Protects cell membrane lipids and participates in chain-breaking antioxidant activity |
Ferulic acid | Phenolic acid antioxidant | Enhances the integrity of the antioxidant network and helps stabilize photoprotective systems |
Resveratrol | Polyphenolic signal-regulating antioxidant | Participates in free radical scavenging, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and regulation of cellular defense |
6.2 Packaging Protection: Reducing Exposure to Light and Air
Skincare products containing resveratrol are more suitable for opaque bottles, light-protective outer packaging, airless pump packaging, or small-opening packaging. The purposes include:
Packaging Strategy | Significance for Resveratrol |
Opaque bottle | Reduces isomerization and degradation induced by visible light and ultraviolet radiation |
Airless pump | Reduces air entry caused by repeated opening |
Small-volume or light-protective packaging | Reduces light and oxygen exposure during long-term use |
Low-temperature, light-protected storage | Reduces the risk of oxidation, discoloration, and loss of content |
For resveratrol, packaging directly affects shelf life and the retention of activity after opening. The presence of resveratrol in an ingredient list does not mean that sufficient activity is always maintained during use. Stabilized formulations and appropriate packaging together determine its true usability.
6.3 Micro- and Nanocarriers: Improving Stability, Dispersibility, and Local Skin Delivery
Micro- and nanocarriers can encapsulate, disperse, or complex resveratrol within specific structures, reducing its direct exposure to light, oxygen, and unfavorable aqueous environments. At the same time, they can improve its spreading, retention, and release on the skin surface.
Carrier Technology | Full Name | Structural Characteristics | Function for Resveratrol |
SLN | Solid lipid nanoparticles | Solid lipid core | Protects the active ingredient, improves stability, and enables sustained release |
NLC | Nanostructured lipid carriers | Composed of both solid lipids and liquid lipids | Increases loading capacity and reduces expulsion of the active ingredient from the crystal lattice |
Liposomes | Liposomes | Phospholipid bilayer vesicles | Suitable for the delivery of amphiphilic and lipophilic active ingredients |
Nanoemulsions | Nanoemulsions | Systems of tiny oil-water droplets | Improves dispersion of hydrophobic active ingredients and spreading on the skin |
Cyclodextrins | Cyclodextrins | Cyclic oligosaccharides with a hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic interior | Improves solubility and stability through inclusion complex formation |
6.4 Particle Size and Skin Delivery Depth
The particle size of micro- and nanocarriers affects skin surface distribution, stratum corneum retention, and active ingredient release. Smaller particle size is generally conducive to improving dispersion uniformity and specific surface area, and may also enhance the partitioning of active ingredients into the stratum corneum and epidermis. Existing studies have shown that smaller liposomes can improve the delivery of model ingredients into the epidermis and dermis, but particle size is not the only determining factor. The delivery of resveratrol in skincare products should focus on four indicators:
Key Indicator | Function |
Particle size | Affects dispersion, retention, and penetration pathways |
Polydispersity index, PDI | Reflects the uniformity of particle size distribution |
Surface charge | Affects carrier stability and interactions with the skin |
Release rate | Determines the sustained local availability of resveratrol in the skin |
A particle size below 100 nm may help certain systems improve dispersion uniformity, skin surface coverage, and partitioning into the stratum corneum/epidermis, but this is not an absolute requirement for resveratrol to exert its effects. A more rational design goal is to ensure that, on the basis of safety and stability, resveratrol remains stably dispersed, effectively retained, and continuously released in the stratum corneum, epidermis, and relevant superficial skin regions.
7 Classification Tables of Representative Chemicals Related to the Antioxidant Mechanisms and Formulation Delivery of Resveratrol in Skincare
Table 1 Resveratrol Core Structure, Isomers, and Stilbene-Type Active Compounds
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Core active ingredient | 501-36-0 | Resveratrol | Moligand™, ≥99% | Used for research on the antioxidant activity of resveratrol, inhibition of lipid peroxidation chain reactions, Nrf2 defense pathways, SIRT1-related signaling, and formulation stability | |
Photoisomerization reference compound | 61434-67-1 | cis-Resveratrol | ≥95% | Used for analysis of light-induced isomerization of resveratrol, stability evaluation, and comparison of trans/cis configurations | |
Glycosylated resveratrol derivative | 65914-17-2 | Polydatin | Moligand™, ≥98% | Used for research on glycosylated forms of resveratrol, plant-derived active compounds, stability, and in vitro/in vivo transformation | |
Methoxylated stilbene analog | 537-42-8 | Pterostilbene | Moligand™, ≥97% | Used for comparative studies of methoxylated resveratrol analogs, differences in lipophilic structure, and antioxidant activity | |
Polyhydroxylated stilbene analog | 29700-22-9 | Oxyresveratrol | Moligand™, ≥95% | Used for research on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polyhydroxylated stilbene compounds and structure–activity relationships | |
Hydroxylated resveratrol analog | 10083-24-6 | Piceatannol | ≥98% | Used for studies on the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups, hydrogen-donating capacity, free-radical-scavenging ability, and structure–activity relationships of polyphenols |
Table 2 Products Related to Synergistic Antioxidant Systems, Cellular Redox Systems, and Barrier Repair
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Aqueous-phase antioxidant | 50-81-7 | L-Ascorbic Acid | Anhydrous grade, Moligand™, ACS, ≥99% | Used for aqueous-phase free radical scavenging, antioxidant combination systems, and synergistic antioxidant studies with resveratrol | |
Stable vitamin C derivative | 86404-04-8 | 3-O-Ethyl-L-ascorbic Acid | Moligand™, ≥98% (HPLC) (T) | Used for stable vitamin C combinations, skincare antioxidant systems, and active-ingredient stability studies | |
Vitamin C glycoside derivative | 129499-78-1 | 2-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic Acid | ≥98% (HPLC) | Used for research on vitamin C glycoside derivatives, antioxidant activity, stability, and release of skin-active ingredients | |
Lipid-soluble vitamin C derivative | 137-66-6 | L-Ascorbyl Palmitate | PharmPure™, USP | Used for lipid-phase antioxidant combinations, membrane lipid protection, and stability studies of resveratrol-containing lipid systems | |
Lipid-phase chain-breaking antioxidant | 59-02-9 | D-α-Tocopherol | Moligand™, ≥97% (GC) | Used for inhibition of lipid peroxidation chain reactions, protection of cell membrane lipids, and synergistic antioxidant studies with resveratrol | |
Stable vitamin E derivative | 7695-91-2 | Tocopheryl Acetate | ≥96% | Used for lipid-phase antioxidant formulations, stability studies of vitamin E derivatives, and skincare combination research | |
Phenolic acid antioxidant | 1135-24-6 | Ferulic Acid | Moligand™, ≥99% | Used for phenolic acid antioxidant combinations, auxiliary photoprotective systems, and stabilization studies of resveratrol | |
Catechol-type phenolic acid | 331-39-5 | Caffeic Acid | Moligand™, ≥99% | Used for studies on phenolic acid free radical scavenging, polyphenol antioxidant activity, and structure–activity relationships | |
Tea polyphenol antioxidant component | 989-51-5 | (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate | Moligand™, ≥98% | Used for studies on tea polyphenol antioxidant activity, inflammatory regulation, and polyphenol combination systems | |
Flavonoid polyphenol | 117-39-5 | Quercetin | Moligand™, ≥95% | Used for research on flavonoid antioxidant activity, inflammatory signaling regulation, and synergistic effects of polyphenols | |
Endogenous redox-system component | 70-18-8 | Glutathione, Reduced Form (GSH, Reduced Form) | Moligand™, ≥98% | Used for studies on cellular redox status, the glutathione system, Nrf2 downstream defense responses, and oxidative stress protection | |
Glutathione precursor | 616-91-1 | N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) | PharmPure™, USP, Moligand™, European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), ≥98.5% | Used for glutathione precursor supplementation, protection against cellular oxidative stress, and antioxidant positive-control studies | |
Mitochondrial and thiol-related antioxidant component | 1077-28-7 | DL-α-Lipoic Acid | ≥99% | Used for studies on mitochondrial oxidative stress, amphiphilic antioxidant activity in both lipid and aqueous phases, and cellular redox cycling | |
Lipid-phase mitochondrial antioxidant-related component | 303-98-0 | Coenzyme Q10 | ≥98% | Used for studies on mitochondrial electron transport, membrane lipid protection, lipid-phase antioxidant activity, and photoaging-related research | |
NAD⁺ metabolism and barrier repair component | 98-92-0 | Niacinamide | PharmPure™, USP | Used for barrier repair, NAD⁺ metabolism, cellular energy status, and oxidative-stress-related research |
Table 3 Products for Oxidative Stress Models, Nitrative Stress Models, and Antioxidant Assays
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Reactive oxygen species modeling reagent | 7722-84-1 | H755825 | Hydrogen Peroxide Solution | Suitable for microbiology, 3% | Used to establish cellular oxidative stress models and evaluate the protective effect of resveratrol against reactive oxygen species-induced damage |
Lipid peroxidation modeling reagent | 75-91-2 | tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide (TBHP) | 70% in H₂O | Used to induce lipid peroxidation and cellular oxidative damage, and to evaluate antioxidant protection and inhibition of membrane lipid damage | |
Peroxynitrite-related model reagent | 16142-27-1 | SIN-1 Hydrochloride (3-Morpholinosydnonimine Hydrochloride) | Moligand™, ≥98% | Used in nitric oxide- and superoxide anion-related reaction systems and for establishing peroxynitrite-related injury models | |
Protein nitration damage marker | 621-44-3 | 3-Nitro-L-tyrosine | ≥98% | Used for detection of protein nitration damage markers and evaluation of peroxynitrite-related nitrative stress levels | |
Total antioxidant capacity assay substrate | 30931-67-0 | 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic Acid) Diammonium Salt [AzBTS-(NH₄)₂] | ≥98% | Used for total antioxidant capacity evaluation, free-radical-scavenging capacity assays, and screening of polyphenol antioxidant activity | |
Free-radical-scavenging assay substrate | 1898-66-4 | 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Radical, containing 10–20% benzene | ≥97% (HPLC) | Used for free-radical-scavenging rate assays, evaluation of polyphenol antioxidant activity, and in vitro antioxidant screening of resveratrol | |
Reference standard for antioxidant capacity assays | 53188-07-1 | Trolox | ≥98%, white | Used as a reference control, for standard curve establishment, and for free-radical-scavenging capacity evaluation in TEAC, ABTS, ORAC, DPPH, and other antioxidant capacity assays | |
Intracellular ROS fluorescent probe | 4091-99-0 | 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH-DA) | ≥97% | Used for fluorescent detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species and evaluation of the regulatory effect of resveratrol on oxidative stress levels | |
Superoxide anion detection probe | 104821-25-2 | Dihydroethidium | ≥95% | Used for superoxide anion-related fluorescence detection and analysis of cellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial oxidative damage | |
Nitric oxide detection probe | 254109-22-3 | DAF-FM DA, Reagent for Low-Concentration NO Detection and Quantification | ≥98% (HPLC) | Used for detection of low-concentration nitric oxide and evaluation of nitric oxide-related signaling and nitrative stress changes |
Table 4 Products for Mechanistic Studies of Nrf2, SIRT1, and NF-κB
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Positive regulator of the Nrf2 pathway | 4478-93-7 | Sulforaphane | Moligand™, ≥95% | Used for Nrf2 pathway activation, antioxidant defense gene expression, and studies on cytoprotective mechanisms | |
Nrf2/ARE pathway research tool | 1948-33-0 | tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) | ≥98% | Used for Nrf2-related positive regulation, antioxidant enzyme expression, and validation of cellular defense pathways | |
Nrf2-regulating research compound | 624-49-7 | Dimethyl Fumarate | Moligand™, ≥99% | Used for studies on Nrf2 regulation, antioxidant defense, inflammation-related cellular models, and defense gene expression | |
Nrf2 inhibitor | 846557-71-9 | ML385, Nrf2 Inhibitor | Moligand™, ≥99% | Used in Nrf2 inhibition experiments to verify the association between resveratrol-mediated antioxidant defense and the Nrf2 pathway | |
SIRT1 activator | 1001645-58-4 | SRT1720, SIRT1 Activator | ≥98% | Used as a SIRT1 activation control and for studies on cellular stress adaptation and oxidative-inflammatory regulation mechanisms | |
SIRT1 inhibitor | 49843-98-3 | 6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide | Moligand™, ≥98% | Used in SIRT1 inhibition experiments to verify resveratrol-related deacetylation regulation and anti-inflammatory signaling effects | |
NF-κB inflammatory signaling inhibitor | 19542-67-7 | BAY 11-7082, IκBα/NF-κB Pathway Inhibitor | Moligand™, ≥98% | Used for inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory signaling, oxidative-inflammatory cycle studies, and research on pro-inflammatory factor expression |
Table 5 Excipients for Liposomes, Lipid Nanoparticles, and Nanoemulsion Delivery Systems
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Natural phospholipid carrier material | 8002-43-5 | Phospholipids from Sunflower, Non-GMO | Natural, with ≥60% phosphatidylcholine | Used for constructing liposomes, lipid nanocarriers, and delivery systems for lipophilic resveratrol active ingredients | |
Liposome membrane stabilizer | 57-88-5 | Cholesterol, from Lanolin | PharmPure™, JP, BP, European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), NF, ultrapure grade | Used to regulate liposome membrane fluidity and stability and to support research on lipid carrier delivery of resveratrol | |
Standard phospholipid membrane material | 63-89-8 | 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) | Moligand™, ≥99% | Used for standard phospholipid membranes, liposome preparation, and skin lipid barrier model studies | |
Saturated phospholipid carrier material | 816-94-4 | 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) | Moligand™, ≥99% | Used for preparation of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles and for studying resveratrol loading, release, and stability | |
Solid lipid matrix | 57-11-4 | Stearic Acid | Moligand™, ≥95%, acid value 194–199 mg KOH/g | Used as a lipid matrix for solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, supporting the loading of lipophilic active ingredients | |
Solid lipid sustained-release matrix | 540-10-3 | Cetyl Palmitate | ≥98% | Used as a solid lipid matrix for lipid nanoparticles and sustained-release resveratrol delivery systems | |
Emulsifying lipid matrix | 31566-31-1 | Glyceryl Monostearate, Emulsifying Grade | ≥99% | Used for preparing solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and emulsified lipid delivery systems | |
NLC liquid lipid oil phase | 73398-61-5 | Medium-Chain Triglycerides | USP, European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) | Used as the oil phase for nanostructured lipid carriers and nanoemulsions to improve resveratrol dispersion, loading, and release | |
Skin-compatible oil phase | 111-01-3 | Squalane | ≥98% | Used as an oil-phase carrier for lipophilic active ingredients and for studies on skin spreadability and lipid-phase antioxidant systems | |
Nonionic surfactant | 9005-65-6 | T274282 | Tween 80 (TWEEN® 80) | Reagent grade | Used for interfacial stabilization of nanoemulsions, lipid nanoparticles, and dispersion systems for hydrophobic active ingredients |
Block copolymer stabilizer | 9003-11-6 | Poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) | Average Mn ~3300 | Used for stabilization of nanodispersion systems, surface modulation, and delivery research of hydrophobic active ingredients |
Table 6 Products for Cyclodextrin Inclusion, Chelation, and Formulation Stability
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Cyclodextrin inclusion material | 7585-39-9 | β-Cyclodextrin | ≥98% | Used for resveratrol inclusion complex formation, solubilization, photostability studies, and release behavior research | |
Water-soluble cyclodextrin derivative | 128446-35-5 | HP-β-Cyclodextrin | PharmPure™, USP | Used for resveratrol inclusion, solubilization, stabilization, and aqueous-phase dispersion system studies | |
Metal ion chelator | 6381-92-6 | Disodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate Dihydrate | Chromatographic HPLC grade, ≥99% | Used to chelate metal ions and reduce the effect of metal-catalyzed oxidation on resveratrol stability | |
pH adjuster and auxiliary chelating agent | 77-92-9 | Anhydrous Citric Acid Powder | Anhydrous grade, UltraBio™, ≥99.5% (T) | Used to adjust formulation acidity and assist in metal ion chelation, reducing the risk of oxidation and discoloration in resveratrol systems |
Note: The above products are representative Aladdin products related to scientific research and formulation studies. For more information on product specifications, grades, and COA details, please search by product name, CAS number, or catalog number on the Aladdin website.
For more related articles, please see below:
Ferulic Acid: Structural Features, Preparation Routes, and Key Points for Research Applications
Role of Sphingolipid Metabolic Remodeling in Apoptotic and Inflammatory Signaling
How to decipher the whitening code?
Niacin (Vitamin B3): Structural Features, Metabolic Roles, and Application Landscape
The "Six Key Checkpoints" of Skin Lightening
Tyrosinase: a key regulatory enzyme in melanin synthesis and its biological and applied significance
Enzymatic Hydroxylation Mechanism of Salicylate Conversion to Catechol
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）