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Types, Properties, and Applications of Commonly Used Polymerases in Molecular Biology Experiments
Types, Properties, and Applications of Commonly Used Polymerases in Molecular Biology Experiments
Polymerases are core enzymes used in nucleic acid replication, amplification, sequencing, labeling, reverse transcription, and in vitro transcription. Different polymerases vary significantly in template compatibility, thermostability, extension rate, fidelity, strand-displacement activity, end-processing properties, and compatibility with reaction systems. In experimental design, polymerase selection should be guided by the intended application, such as PCR amplification, RT-PCR, qPCR, isothermal amplification, sequencing library construction, RNA synthesis, or end repair.
Keywords: polymerase; DNA polymerase; RNA polymerase; reverse transcriptase; PCR; qPCR; high-fidelity amplification; isothermal amplification; in vitro transcription
1 Basic Classification of Polymerases
1.1 DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerases
(1) Basic function
DNA-dependent DNA polymerases use DNA as a template to synthesize new DNA strands according to the principle of complementary base pairing. They are commonly used in PCR amplification, molecular cloning, genotyping, mutation detection, sequencing library construction, and DNA end repair. These polymerases usually require a primer to provide a 3′-OH terminus and use dNTPs as substrates for strand extension.
(2) Major types
Common types include Taq DNA polymerase, hot-start DNA polymerase, high-fidelity DNA polymerase, long-range amplification polymerase, strand-displacing DNA polymerase, and end-processing polymerase. The major differences among these enzymes are reflected in amplification efficiency, error rate, template compatibility, product-end structure, and tolerance to special sample types.
(3) Experimental positioning
Taq-type polymerases are suitable for routine fragment verification. High-fidelity polymerases are generally preferred for cloning, mutagenesis, and pre-sequencing amplification. For high-GC templates, long templates, plant samples, blood samples, and low-copy templates, specialized buffer systems or specific polymerase types should be considered.
1.2 RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerases
(1) Basic function
RNA-dependent DNA polymerases generally refer to reverse transcriptases, which synthesize complementary DNA using RNA as a template. This process is fundamental to RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, cDNA library construction, transcriptome analysis, and RNA virus detection.
(2) Template compatibility
Different reverse transcriptases vary in their tolerance to RNA secondary structures, template length, reaction temperature, and sample-derived inhibitors. For highly structured RNA, low-abundance RNA, or long-fragment cDNA synthesis, reverse transcriptases with better thermostability, stronger processivity, or reduced RNase H activity should be prioritized.
(3) Experimental positioning
Short-fragment RT-qPCR emphasizes sensitivity, reproducibility, and inhibitor tolerance. Full-length cDNA synthesis emphasizes processivity. For viral RNA, complex tissue samples, and clinical specimens, reaction temperature, sample background, and RNA integrity should be considered together.
1.3 DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases
(1) Basic function
DNA-dependent RNA polymerases synthesize RNA using DNA as a template and are commonly used for in vitro transcription, RNA probe preparation, mRNA synthesis, sgRNA synthesis, and RNA standard preparation. These enzymes usually recognize specific promoter sequences, such as T7, T3, or SP6 promoters.
(2) Reaction characteristics
RNA polymerases do not require primers and generally initiate transcription downstream of a promoter. The reaction system requires NTPs, Mg²⁺, buffer components, and a linearized DNA template. Template purity, promoter integrity, degree of linearization, and RNase contamination control directly affect RNA yield and length uniformity.
(3) Experimental positioning
T7 RNA polymerase is the most widely used enzyme for efficient in vitro transcription. SP6 and T3 RNA polymerases are commonly used for specific vector systems, directional transcription, and RNA probe preparation. Poly(A) polymerase and Poly(U) polymerase are used for RNA end modification and RNA stability studies.
2 Conventional PCR Polymerases
2.1 Taq DNA Polymerase
(1) Enzymatic properties
Taq DNA polymerase is derived from a thermophilic bacterium and has strong thermostability, allowing it to withstand the high-temperature denaturation steps in PCR cycling. This enzyme has a relatively fast extension rate, a well-established reaction system, and low cost, making it one of the most widely used DNA polymerases in routine PCR.
(2) End characteristics
Taq DNA polymerase typically possesses template-independent terminal adenylation activity. Its amplification products often contain 3′-A overhangs, making them suitable for TA cloning. However, because Taq lacks 3′→5′ exonuclease proofreading activity, its amplification error rate is higher than that of high-fidelity polymerases.
(3) Application scenarios
Taq is suitable for routine fragment verification, colony PCR, genotyping, conventional template amplification, and experiments with low fidelity requirements. If the amplified product is intended for protein expression, mutation analysis, or sequencing verification, the risk of introduced errors should be evaluated, and high-fidelity polymerases should be used when necessary.
2.2 Enhanced and Fast Taq Polymerases
(1) Enhanced systems
Enhanced Taq polymerases are usually generated through enzyme engineering or buffer optimization to improve compatibility with complex templates, low template input, or certain inhibitor backgrounds. These enzymes are suitable for routine PCR optimization and preliminary screening of difficult-to-amplify templates.
(2) Fast amplification systems
Fast DNA polymerases emphasize extension speed and reduced total reaction time. They are suitable for high-throughput screening, short-fragment amplification, and rapid result confirmation. Fast PCR is more sensitive to primer quality, annealing temperature, and fragment length, and should not be used as a direct replacement for all conventional PCR systems.
(3) Result interpretation
Although enhanced or fast polymerases may improve amplification efficiency, they do not necessarily improve fidelity. If the product is used for cloning, sequencing library construction, or mutation analysis, a high-fidelity system should still be selected according to the intended use.
2.3 Polymerases Tolerant to Special Sample Types
(1) Blood samples
Whole blood, plasma, or blood extracts may contain PCR inhibitors such as heme, immunoglobulins, and anticoagulants. Blood-tolerant polymerases can improve amplification success rates in these samples and are suitable for rapid genetic testing and sample prescreening.
(2) Plant samples
Plant samples often contain polyphenols, polysaccharides, chlorophyll, and secondary metabolites, which can inhibit DNA polymerase activity. Plant-sample-specific or chlorophyll-resistant polymerases are suitable for crude-template amplification from plant tissues and high-throughput genotyping.
(3) Complex templates
For experiments involving abundant inhibitors, low template purity, or limited sample pretreatment, polymerases with strong inhibitor tolerance should be prioritized. Template dilution, Mg²⁺ concentration, and cycling conditions should also be optimized.
3 Hot-Start DNA Polymerases
3.1 Hot-Start Mechanisms
(1) Low-temperature inhibition
Hot-start DNA polymerases suppress enzyme activity at low temperatures through antibodies, chemical modifications, aptamers, or other mechanisms, and only regain activity after high-temperature pre-denaturation or activation. This design reduces nonspecific amplification and primer-dimer formation.
(2) Amplification specificity
Hot-start systems offer clear advantages in qPCR, multiplex PCR, low-copy template amplification, and complex template detection. When enzyme activity is inhibited at low temperatures, the likelihood of primer-mismatch extension is reduced, resulting in more stable target bands or amplification curves.
(3) Activation conditions
Different hot-start polymerases require different activation temperatures and times. Insufficient activation may reduce amplification efficiency, whereas excessive pre-denaturation may affect template integrity or the amplification of certain long fragments.
3.2 Application Scenarios
(1) qPCR systems
qPCR requires high amplification specificity and reproducibility. Hot-start polymerases can reduce background amplification and primer-dimer signals, helping stabilize Ct values and generate a single melting curve peak.
(2) Multiplex PCR
Multiplex PCR involves complex primer combinations and a high risk of nonspecific amplification. Hot-start polymerases can reduce cross-reactions among primers and improve the stability of simultaneous amplification of multiple targets.
(3) Low-copy templates
In low-copy template amplification, nonspecific products can easily compete for reaction resources. Hot-start polymerases help improve preferential amplification of the target template.
4 High-Fidelity and Long-Range DNA Polymerases
4.1 High-Fidelity Polymerases
(1) Proofreading activity
High-fidelity DNA polymerases usually possess 3′→5′ exonuclease proofreading activity, allowing them to recognize and remove incorrectly incorporated bases during extension, thereby reducing mutation rates. This property is especially important for cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, sequencing library construction, and functional gene amplification.
(2) Product ends
High-fidelity polymerases generally produce blunt-ended amplification products, which are suitable for blunt-end cloning, seamless cloning, Gibson Assembly, and homologous recombination cloning. If TA cloning is required, additional A-tailing or a compatible cloning system should be used.
(3) Selection priorities
High-fidelity enzyme selection should not be based solely on error rate. Extension speed, compatibility with GC-rich templates, fragment length range, and buffer compatibility should also be considered. For complex templates, high-GC templates, and low-input templates, optimized high-fidelity systems should be prioritized.
4.2 Long-Range Polymerases
(1) Processivity
Long-range PCR requires polymerases with strong processivity and low pausing frequency. Long-range polymerases or enzyme blends often improve large-fragment amplification success by enhancing extension stability and reducing template interruption.
(2) Template quality requirements
Long-fragment amplification has stringent requirements for template integrity. Genomic DNA shearing, repeated freeze–thaw cycles, residual salts, and protein contamination can all cause amplification failure. Template quality should be prioritized rather than simply increasing the number of PCR cycles.
(3) Extension time control
Long-range PCR requires sufficient extension time based on the target fragment length. Insufficient extension may produce truncated products, whereas excessively long extension may increase nonspecific background or reduce reaction efficiency.
4.3 Polymerases for Sequencing Library Construction
(1) Low error rate
Sequencing library amplification requires minimizing base errors to reduce false mutations, incorrect molecular tags, and sequencing bias. High-fidelity hot-start polymerases are commonly used for NGS library amplification and low-input sample amplification.
(2) Low bias
Some templates exhibit amplification bias due to GC content, secondary structure, or fragment length. Library amplification polymerases should minimize GC bias and fragment-length bias.
(3) Cycle-number optimization
Library PCR should avoid overamplification. Excessive cycle numbers increase duplicate reads, amplification bias, and chimeric products, thereby compromising downstream data quality.
5 Reverse Transcriptases
5.1 M-MLV/M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptases
(1) Routine cDNA synthesis
M-MLV/M-MuLV reverse transcriptases are commonly used for first-strand cDNA synthesis and are suitable for most RT-PCR and RT-qPCR experiments. These enzymes operate under mild reaction conditions and show good compatibility with general mRNA templates.
(2) Differences in RNase H activity
Reverse transcriptases with reduced or absent RNase H activity can decrease RNA template degradation, facilitating longer cDNA synthesis and detection of low-abundance transcripts. For long-fragment amplification or full-length cDNA construction, RNase H– versions are generally more suitable.
(3) Application range
M-MLV-type reverse transcriptases are suitable for gene expression analysis, transcript detection, routine cDNA synthesis, and preliminary RNA sample screening. If the RNA has strong secondary structures or requires a higher reaction temperature, AMV or engineered high-temperature reverse transcriptases may be considered.
5.2 AMV Reverse Transcriptase
(1) Temperature adaptability
AMV reverse transcriptase can function at relatively higher temperatures and has certain advantages for RNA templates with strong secondary structures. Higher reaction temperatures help disrupt RNA structures and improve reverse transcription efficiency.
(2) Template applicability
AMV reverse transcriptase is suitable for viral RNA detection, structurally complex RNA templates, and some long-fragment cDNA synthesis experiments. Reaction system design should be optimized based on RNA quality, primer type, and downstream amplification requirements.
(3) Experimental considerations
For RT-qPCR experiments, reverse transcription efficiency, reaction linearity, and detection capability for low-abundance transcripts should be considered. Differences in cDNA yield and preference among reverse transcriptases may lead to variation in expression-level comparisons.
5.3 Engineered Reverse Transcriptases
(1) Efficient reverse transcription
Engineered reverse transcriptases are usually optimized for thermostability, processivity, or inhibitor tolerance and are suitable for complex RNA templates, low-abundance RNA, and high-sensitivity detection.
(2) Glycerol-free systems
Glycerol-free reverse transcriptases are suitable for special formulations, lyophilized systems, or applications sensitive to reaction components. These enzymes are useful in post-in vitro transcription processing, kit development, and portable detection systems.
(3) Mechanistic research applications
Recombinant reverse transcriptases such as HIV reverse transcriptase are more suitable for enzymatic mechanism studies, antiviral drug screening, and reverse transcription reaction research, and are not necessarily the preferred choice for routine cDNA synthesis.
6 RNA Polymerases and RNA End-Modifying Enzymes
6.1 T7 RNA Polymerase
(1) Efficient in vitro transcription
T7 RNA polymerase recognizes the T7 promoter and efficiently synthesizes RNA. It is commonly used for mRNA preparation, sgRNA synthesis, RNA probes, and RNA standard preparation.
(2) Template requirements
The template must contain an intact T7 promoter and is recommended to be linearized to obtain RNA products with defined lengths. Residual salts, phenol, ethanol, or protein contamination in the template may affect transcription efficiency.
(3) System control
RNase contamination must be strictly controlled in in vitro transcription systems. If the RNA is used for mRNA preparation, capping, tailing, modified nucleotide incorporation, and purification steps should also be considered.
6.2 T3 and SP6 RNA Polymerases
(1) Promoter specificity
T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases recognize specific promoters and are commonly used for directional in vitro transcription and specific vector systems. Different promoter systems cannot be directly substituted for one another; selection must be based on vector design and insert orientation.
(2) RNA probe preparation
In in situ hybridization, Northern blotting, and RNA-binding assays, T3 or SP6 RNA polymerase can be used to prepare RNA probes with defined orientation.
(3) Application priorities
When selecting T7, T3, or SP6 RNA polymerase, the promoter sequence, insert orientation, and desired RNA strand direction should be confirmed before determining the transcription system.
6.3 RNA Tailing Polymerases
(1) Poly(A) polymerase
Poly(A) polymerase adds poly(A) tails to the 3′ end of RNA and is used in mRNA stability studies, mRNA preparation, RNA end modification, and RNA detection system development.
(2) Poly(U) polymerase
Poly(U) polymerase adds U tails to the 3′ end of RNA and is suitable for studies of RNA degradation mechanisms, RNA end modification, and specific RNA functions.
(3) Reaction systems
RNA tailing reactions are highly sensitive to RNA purity, buffer composition, and RNase contamination. Purification is usually required after the reaction to remove enzymes, salts, free NTPs, and short byproducts.
7 Isothermal Amplification and End-Processing Polymerases
7.1 Strand-Displacing Polymerases
(1) Bst DNA polymerase
Bst DNA polymerase has strong strand-displacement activity and can amplify DNA under isothermal conditions. It is the core enzyme used in LAMP. Different versions of Bst polymerase vary in reaction temperature, amplification speed, and system stability.
(2) Bsu DNA polymerase
The large fragment of Bsu DNA polymerase also has strand-displacement activity and can be used for isothermal amplification and strand-displacement reactions. Its use should be selected according to the target system, primer design, and reaction temperature.
(3) Phi29 DNA polymerase
Phi29 DNA polymerase has strong strand-displacement activity and high processivity. It is used for rolling-circle amplification, multiple displacement amplification, single-cell genome amplification, and low-input DNA preamplification.
7.2 Control of Isothermal Amplification Experiments
(1) Primer design
LAMP and related systems have stringent primer design requirements, and multiple primers can easily form nonspecific structures. Design should focus on target-sequence conservation, inter-primer complementarity, and amplification-region length.
(2) Contamination control
Isothermal amplification is highly efficient, and amplified-product contamination can cause obvious false positives. Negative controls, physically separated work areas, and closed-tube detection systems should be used whenever possible.
(3) Result confirmation
Color change, turbidity change, or fluorescence signals can be used for rapid interpretation. When necessary, results should still be confirmed by electrophoresis, melting-curve analysis, or specific probes.
7.3 End-Processing and Repair Polymerases
(1) DNA Polymerase I and Klenow fragment
E. coli DNA Polymerase I and Klenow fragment are commonly used for gap filling, end blunting, DNA labeling, and primer extension. Klenow fragment is suitable for specific steps in pre-cloning processing, probe preparation, and library construction.
(2) T4 DNA polymerase
T4 DNA polymerase has strong 3′→5′ exonuclease activity and can be used for DNA end blunting and overhang processing. Reaction time must be strictly controlled to avoid excessive exonuclease digestion and fragment loss.
(3) Library construction applications
In sequencing library construction, end-repair enzymes are used to convert DNA fragments with different end structures into forms suitable for adapter ligation. This step affects library construction efficiency and fragment retention.
8 Common Polymerase Product Selection
8.1 Product Selection for Commonly Used Polymerases in Molecular Biology Experiments
Product Module | Catalog No. | Product Name | Grade/Specification | Applicable Experimental Applications |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | Taq DNA Polymerase | Recombinant,Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,for DNA and RNA applications,5 U/μL | Routine PCR, fragment verification, colony PCR | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | Taq DNA Polymerase | Recombinant,Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,for DNA and RNA applications,≥99%(SDS-PAGE),5 U/μl | Routine PCR, template amplification, genotyping | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | Recombinant Taq DNA Polymerase Protein | EnzymoPure™,His Tag,≥95%,See COA | Taq enzymology research, PCR system development | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | Taq DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | High-temperature cycling PCR, routine DNA amplification | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, free of DNA endonuclease and exonuclease, phosphatase, and RNase. | Routine PCR reactions, basic amplification systems | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ Plus DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, free of DNA endonuclease and exonuclease, phosphatase, and RNase. | Routine PCR, optimization of complex template amplification | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | Enhanced Taq DNA polymerase | Enhanced PCR amplification, routine template detection | ||
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | Es Taq DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, 500 U | Routine PCR, fragment amplification | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | mTaq DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | Routine PCR, template amplification | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | GoldStar DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | Routine PCR, higher-stability amplification systems | |
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | Golden Taq DNA Polymerase | Routine PCR, gene-fragment amplification | ||
Conventional PCR DNA Polymerase | ProPrime Taq DNA Polymerase | Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,for DNA and RNA applications,5 U/μL | Routine PCR, stable amplification | |
Fast PCR DNA Polymerase | FastPrime DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | Fast PCR, short-fragment amplification | |
Fast PCR DNA Polymerase | FastStar DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | Fast amplification, rapid screening | |
Fast PCR DNA Polymerase | FastTaq DNA Polymerase(5'→3' exo-) | Fast PCR, systems requiring reduced impact from 5′→3′ exonuclease activity | ||
Special-Sample PCR Polymerase | Whole Blood polymerase | EnzymoPure™, 1.25U/μl | Direct PCR from whole blood, amplification in inhibitor-rich backgrounds | |
Special-Sample PCR Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ DNA Polymerase (Chlorophyll-resistant) | EnzymoPure™, free of DNA endonuclease and exonuclease, phosphatase, and RNase. | Plant sample PCR, amplification in chlorophyll-interference backgrounds | |
Special-Sample PCR Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ HF DNA Polymerase (Blood-resistant) | EnzymoPure™, free of DNA endonuclease and exonuclease, phosphatase, and RNase. | Blood samples, high-inhibitor samples, high-fidelity amplification | |
Hot-Start DNA Polymerase | Hot Start Taq DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, 5U/μL | Hot-start PCR, improved amplification specificity | |
Hot-Start DNA Polymerase | Taq-HS DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | Chemically mediated hot-start PCR, reduced nonspecific amplification | |
Hot-Start DNA Polymerase | AbTaq DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | Antibody-mediated hot-start PCR, complex template amplification | |
Hot-Start DNA Polymerase | Hotstart HiTaq DNA Polymerase | Recombinant,Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,for DNA and RNA applications,5 U/μL | qPCR, multiplex PCR, low-copy template amplification | |
Hot-Start DNA Polymerase | Hotstart HiTaq Ⅱ DNA Polymerase | Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,for DNA and RNA applications,5 U/μL | High-specificity PCR, complex template amplification | |
Hot-Start DNA Polymerase | Anstart Taq II DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, 5U/μL | Hot-start or high-specificity PCR amplification | |
Hot-Start DNA Polymerase | Taq DNA Polymerase, Glycerol-free | Glycerol-free hot-start PCR, lyophilized or special formulation systems | ||
High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase | Pfu DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, 2.5U/μl | High-fidelity PCR, cloning, mutagenesis | |
High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, This product is free from RNase, phosphatase, and DNA endonuclease. | High-fidelity amplification, ORF amplification, pre-sequencing amplification | |
High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase | Super Kfx DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | High-fidelity PCR, complex template amplification | |
High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase | Super Pfx DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | High-fidelity amplification, preparation of cloning fragments | |
High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase | HiFi Seq Hotstart DNA polymerase | 1U/μL | Sequencing library construction, high-fidelity amplification | |
High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase | HiFi Seq Hotstart DNA Polymerase | Recombinant,Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,for DNA and RNA applications,1 U/μL | NGS library amplification, low-error amplification | |
Long-Range DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™Extra-long DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, free of DNA endonuclease and exonuclease, phosphatase, and RNase. | Long-range PCR, amplification of large-fragment templates | |
Long-Range DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™Plus Extra-long DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, free of DNA endonuclease and exonuclease, phosphatase, and RNase. | Long-fragment amplification, complex-template long-range PCR | |
Special DNA Polymerase | Tth DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, 5U/μl | High-temperature DNA amplification, specific RT-PCR or thermostable polymerase research | |
Isothermal Amplification Polymerase | Bst 6.0 DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, Free of DNA endonuclease and exonuclease. | LAMP, isothermal amplification, strand-displacement amplification | |
Isothermal Amplification Polymerase | Bst 8.0 DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, Free of DNA endonuclease and exonuclease. | Efficient isothermal amplification, rapid nucleic acid detection | |
Isothermal Amplification Polymerase | Bst DNA Polymerase, Large Fragment | EnzymoPure™, ActiBioPure™, Animal Free, Carrier Free, Bioactive, sterile, DNase, RNase free, 8.0 U/μL | LAMP, RPA-assisted systems, strand-displacement amplification | |
Isothermal Amplification Polymerase | Bst DNA Polymerase, Large Fragment (powder) | Animal Free,Carrier Free,Bioactive,DNase, RNase free,ActiBioPure™,EnzymoPure™,sterile,Store at -20℃ long term (24 months). Avoid freeze/thaw cycle. | Lyophilized isothermal amplification systems, field detection systems | |
Isothermal Amplification Polymerase | Bsu DNA Polymerase, Large Fragment | EnzymoPure™, Free of DNA endonuclease, DNA exonuclease, and ribonuclease. | Isothermal amplification, strand-displacement reactions | |
Isothermal Amplification Polymerase | Phi29 DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™ | MDA, RCA, single-cell genome amplification, low-input DNA amplification | |
End-Processing/Repair Polymerase | E.coli DNA Polymerase I | EnzymoPure™, free of other DNA exonucleases or endonucleases, free of RNase. | Gap filling, DNA repair, labeling reactions | |
End-Processing/Repair Polymerase | DNA Polymerase I, Large (Klenow) Fragment | Carrier Free, Animal Free, EnzymoPure™, sterile, ActiBioPure™, Bioactive, 5 U/μL | Klenow fill-in, end labeling, primer extension | |
End-Processing/Repair Polymerase | T4 DNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, Animal Free, Carrier Free, Bioactive, ActiBioPure™, sterile, RNase free, 5.0 U/μL | End repair, pre-cloning processing, DNA fragment processing | |
Reverse Transcriptase | AMV Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™, solution, ＞50 units/μg protein, suitable for RT-qPCR, suitable for RT-PCR | RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, reverse transcription of highly structured RNA templates | |
Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™, Free of DNA endonuclease, DNA exonuclease, phosphatase, and RNase other than the RNase H enzyme activity contained in the BeyoRTTM M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase. | Routine first-strand cDNA synthesis, RT-PCR | |
Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase(RNase H minus) | EnzymoPure™, Free from DNA endonuclease, DNA exonuclease, phosphoesterase and RNase. | Long-fragment cDNA synthesis, reverse transcription with reduced RNA degradation background | |
Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase(RNase H minus) | EnzymoPure™, Free from DNA endonuclease, DNA exonuclease, phosphoesterase and RNase. | Routine reverse transcription, first-strand cDNA synthesis | |
Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™ III M-MLV reverse transcriptase | EnzymoPure™, Free from DNA endonuclease, DNA exonuclease, phosphoesterase and RNase. | Routine reverse transcription, cDNA synthesis | |
Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™ Q M-MLV reverse transcriptase | EnzymoPure™, Free from DNA endonuclease, DNA exonuclease, phosphoesterase and RNase. | RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, expression analysis | |
Reverse Transcriptase | M-MLV RNase H- Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™ | RNase H– reverse transcription, long-fragment cDNA synthesis | |
Reverse Transcriptase | M-MLV GIII Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™ | High-performance reverse transcription, cDNA synthesis | |
Reverse Transcriptase | Super MMLV Reverse Transcriptase | 200U/μL | Efficient reverse transcription, low-abundance RNA detection | |
Reverse Transcriptase | HiFi II M-MLV (H-) Reverse Transcriptase | 10000 U | High-fidelity/reduced RNase H background reverse transcription | |
Reverse Transcriptase | MeloScript Ⅱ Reverse Transcriptase | DNase, RNase free,Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,for DNA and RNA applications,200 U/μL | RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, first-strand cDNA synthesis | |
Reverse Transcriptase | MeloScript Reverse Transcriptase | DNase, RNase free,Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,for DNA and RNA applications,200U/μL | Routine reverse transcription, expression detection | |
Reverse Transcriptase | RTL Reverse Transcriptase (Glycerol-free) | BioReagent, PCR Reagent, for DNA synthesis, Suitable for molecular biology, EnzymoPure™, RNase free, For In Vitro Transcription, for DNA and RNA applications, 15 U/μL | Glycerol-free reverse transcription systems, lyophilized or special formulation RT systems | |
Reverse Transcriptase | Recombinant HIV Reverse Transcriptase | EnzymoPure™, ≥5,000 units/mg protein | Reverse transcriptase mechanism studies, antiviral drug screening, enzyme activity evaluation | |
RNA Polymerase | T7 RNA Polymerase | BioReagent,endotoxin tested,Suitable for molecular biology,EnzymoPure™,RNase free,Recombinant,≥98.0%,50 U/μL | In vitro transcription, mRNA synthesis, sgRNA synthesis, RNA probe preparation | |
RNA Polymerase | T7 RNA Polymerase | ActiBioPure™, Carrier Free, Bioactive, EnzymoPure™, 1KU/μL | High-yield in vitro transcription, mRNA preparation, RNA standard preparation | |
RNA Polymerase | Thermostable T7 RNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, 50U/μl | High-temperature in vitro transcription, transcription of complex templates | |
RNA Polymerase | T3 RNA Polymerase | EnzymoPure™, ActiBioPure™, Bioactive, Animal Free, Carrier Free, sterile, RNase free, 50 U/µL | In vitro transcription from T3 promoters, directional RNA probe preparation | |
RNA Polymerase | SP6 RNA Polymerase | Animal Free, Carrier Free, Bioactive, ActiBioPure™, EnzymoPure™, RNase free, sterile, 20 U/µL | In vitro transcription from SP6 promoters, RNA probe preparation | |
RNA Tailing Polymerase | E. coli Poly(A) Polymerase | pharmaceutical grade, PharmPure™ | RNA poly(A) tailing, mRNA modification, RNA stability studies | |
RNA Tailing Polymerase | 10×Poly(A) Polymerase Buffer | pharmaceutical grade, PharmPure™, 10× | Companion reaction buffer system for Poly(A) polymerase, mRNA tailing reactions | |
RNA Tailing Polymerase | Poly(U) Polymerase | ActiBioPure™, Bioactive, EnzymoPure™, Animal Free, Carrier Free, sterile, DNase, RNase free, 2.0 U/µL | RNA 3′-end U-tailing, RNA modification, RNA degradation mechanism studies | |
Polymerase Mechanism Research Protein | Recombinant Human DNA Polymerase Beta Protein | Carrier Free,Bioactive,ActiBioPure™,His Tag,≥95%(SDS-PAGE),See COA | DNA repair mechanism studies, polymerase β functional analysis |
Polymerase selection should be guided by the experimental endpoint. Routine verification emphasizes amplification efficiency; cloning and library construction emphasize fidelity; qPCR emphasizes specificity and reproducibility; reverse transcription emphasizes RNA template compatibility; and in vitro transcription emphasizes promoter matching and RNA yield. Proper matching of polymerase type, template quality, reaction system, and quality-control strategy can significantly improve the reliability of molecular biology experimental results.
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