Stratum Corneum Penetration and Skin Mechanisms of Panthenol: Moisturization, Barrier Repair, and Soothing Effects
Stratum Corneum Penetration and Skin Mechanisms of Panthenol: Moisturization, Barrier Repair, and Soothing Effects
1. What Is Panthenol?
1.1 Panthenol Is an Alcohol Derivative of Vitamin B5
Panthenol is the alcohol derivative of pantothenic acid, or vitamin B5, and is therefore also commonly referred to as provitamin B5. Panthenol exists in different stereoisomeric forms, among which D-panthenol has vitamin activity and is also known as dexpanthenol.
D-panthenol has the molecular formula C₉H₁₉NO₄ and a relative molecular mass of approximately 205.25 g/mol. Its molecular structure contains multiple hydroxyl groups as well as an amide moiety. It has 4 hydrogen-bond donors and 4 hydrogen-bond acceptors, with a formal charge of 0.[1]
These molecular characteristics are closely related to its behavior in the skin:
Molecular Feature | Property of Panthenol | Influence on Its Effects in the Skin |
Relative molecular mass | Approximately 205.25 g/mol | Its relatively small molecular size imposes comparatively low size-related constraints on diffusion |
Polarity | Clearly hydrophilic | Entry into highly hydrophobic lipid hydrocarbon-chain regions is limited |
Hydroxyl groups and amide moiety | Capable of forming multiple hydrogen bonds | Favors interactions with water, proteins, and the polar groups of lipids |
Charge state | Neutral | Compared with permanently charged macromolecules, it is more favorable for partitioning among different regions of the stratum corneum |
2. Why Can Hydrophilic Panthenol Enter the Stratum Corneum?
2.1 The Stratum Corneum Is Not a Uniform “Oil Film”
The stratum corneum is an important skin barrier that limits water loss and the entry of exogenous substances. It is composed of corneocytes and intercellular lipids.
Corneocytes are rich in proteins such as keratin, while the spaces between cells contain lamellar lipid structures composed mainly of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. These intercellular lipids form an important structural basis of the skin permeability barrier.[2]
Therefore, when an exogenous molecule enters the stratum corneum, it does not encounter a uniformly hydrophobic environment. The stratum corneum contains several distinct microenvironments:
① highly ordered hydrophobic lipid regions;
② polar head-group regions of lipid molecules;
③ keratin-rich corneocytes;
④ water associated with natural moisturizing factors, proteins, and other components.
These regions differ in polarity, water content, and molecular mobility. The stratum corneum itself also exhibits pronounced depth dependence, and the resistance to diffusion of the same molecule can vary at different depths.[3]
2.2 Panthenol Penetration Depends on “Partitioning” and “Diffusion”
Skin penetration can be understood using a classical diffusion model. Under simplified steady-state conditions:
Permeation flux J = (D × K × ΔC) / h
where:
· J: permeation flux per unit area;
· D: diffusion coefficient of the molecule within the stratum corneum;
· K: the molecule’s ability to partition from the formulation into the stratum corneum;
· ΔC: concentration difference;
· h: effective diffusion path length.
Lipophilicity primarily affects the partitioning of a molecule from a formulation into the lipid environment of the stratum corneum. However, overall penetration is also influenced by molecular size, charge state, formulation composition, concentration, and the condition of the stratum corneum itself.
Although panthenol is hydrophilic and does not readily partition in large amounts into the highly hydrophobic hydrocarbon-chain core of lipids, it has a relatively small molecular size, is overall neutral, and contains multiple polar groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Panthenol can therefore still enter and diffuse within the stratum corneum rather than relying on high lipophilicity to dissolve throughout the lipid layer.
2.3 Human Skin Experiments Have Demonstrated That Panthenol Can Diffuse Through the Stratum Corneum
In 2016, Cadavona et al. investigated permeability at different depths of the stratum corneum using ex vivo human skin and tape-stripping techniques. The study used radiolabeled carbon-14 panthenol and measured its concentration-depth profile within the stratum corneum as well as its diffusion coefficient.[3]
The results showed that panthenol can diffuse through intact human stratum corneum and that its diffusion coefficient exhibits clear depth dependence. After removal of the outermost layers of corneocytes, the diffusion coefficient of panthenol changed significantly and then became relatively stable in deeper regions.[3]
This study provides evidence that hydrophilicity does not prevent panthenol from entering the stratum corneum.
3. How Does Panthenol Produce a Moisturizing Effect After Entering the Stratum Corneum?
The moisturizing effect of panthenol is not simply a matter of “holding onto some water.” It involves both water retention and changes in the molecular state of the stratum corneum.
3.1 Multiple Polar Groups Enable Panthenol to Form Hydrogen Bonds with Water
D-panthenol contains multiple hydroxyl groups and an amide moiety, allowing it to act as both a hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor and to form hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules.[1]
This structure gives panthenol good humectant and water-retaining properties. After entering the stratum corneum, panthenol can contribute to local water retention and thereby influence the hydration state of the stratum corneum.
Human studies support this effect. In a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study conducted by Gehring and Gloor, 7 days of continuous application of two lipophilic formulations containing dexpanthenol increased stratum corneum hydration while reducing water loss. Both parameters differed significantly from those observed with the corresponding vehicles.[4]
Camargo et al. compared formulations containing different concentrations of panthenol. After 30 days of continuous use, formulations containing 1% and 5% panthenol both showed reductions in transepidermal water loss. On skin that had been washed with a surfactant, panthenol-containing formulations also produced a relatively rapid improvement in water loss.[5]
3.2 Panthenol Also Affects the Molecular Mobility of Proteins and Lipids in the Stratum Corneum
The function of the stratum corneum depends not only on its water content but also on the organization and molecular mobility of its proteins and lipids.
Björklund et al. used ex vivo porcine stratum corneum to investigate the effects of dexpanthenol on stratum corneum molecules under controlled water-activity conditions, using methods including solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Because water activity was controlled, the experiment could further distinguish between effects caused simply by increased water content and effects produced by dexpanthenol itself on stratum corneum components.[7]
The study found that dexpanthenol increased the molecular mobility of specific protein and lipid segments in the stratum corneum and increased the effective skin permeability of the model drug metronidazole.[7]
A 2023 human study using confocal Raman microspectroscopy observed changes in the same general direction. After healthy subjects applied a formulation containing 5% dexpanthenol for 2 hours, changes were observed in keratin secondary structure and the organization of intercellular lipids. The findings supported the ability of dexpanthenol to increase the mobility of certain lipid and protein components within the stratum corneum.[8]
4. Why Does Panthenol Also Have Barrier-Repair Effects?
4.1 Moisturization and Barrier Repair Are Interrelated but Are Not the Same Concept
An increase in stratum corneum water content indicates improved skin hydration, whereas barrier repair means that the stratum corneum progressively restores its ability to limit outward water diffusion, resist exogenous irritants, and maintain normal structure.
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is commonly used to assess barrier function. Under the same measurement conditions, TEWL generally increases when the barrier is damaged and returns toward normal levels as the barrier recovers.
4.2 Panthenol Can Promote Barrier Recovery After Irritation
Proksch and Nissen used sodium lauryl sulfate to establish an irritant-induced barrier damage model in human skin.
The study showed that, compared with the vehicle and untreated areas, a dexpanthenol-containing cream promoted barrier recovery, increased stratum corneum hydration, improved skin roughness, and reduced inflammatory manifestations caused by irritation.[6]
Another randomized human study used a complete panthenol-containing emollient formulation to treat skin irritated by sodium lauryl sulfate. After continuous use, improvements were observed in TEWL, stratum corneum hydration, and the length of intercellular lipid lamellar structures.[9]
Because this study used a complete formulation containing panthenol together with other excipients, the changes in lipid lamellar structure reflect the overall effect of the formulation and cannot be attributed entirely to panthenol as a single ingredient. However, when considered together with vehicle-controlled studies of panthenol itself, the evidence confirms that panthenol contributes to skin hydration and barrier function.[4-6,9]
4.3 Panthenol-Mediated Barrier Repair Is Not the Same as “Directly Replenishing Ceramides”
Ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids are structural components of the intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum, whereas panthenol is not itself a structural lipid of the stratum corneum.[2]
The way panthenol supports the skin barrier therefore differs from barrier-care approaches based on directly replenishing ceramides.
Panthenol mainly affects the barrier through three interconnected processes:
1. Increasing and maintaining stratum corneum hydration;
2. Altering the molecular mobility of certain keratin and lipid regions;
3. Supporting epidermal recovery in damaged skin and being associated with the re-epithelialization process.
The first two processes primarily improve the physical state of the stratum corneum, whereas the third involves biological repair processes in viable tissue.
5. From the Stratum Corneum to the Damaged Epidermis: How Does Panthenol Further Participate in Repair?
5.1 There Is a Biochemical Link Between Panthenol and Pantothenic Acid–Coenzyme A Metabolism
D-panthenol is the alcohol precursor of D-pantothenic acid and can be converted in tissues into biologically active pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid subsequently participates in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). Coenzyme A is extensively involved in fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and a variety of cellular biosynthetic reactions.[1]
This biochemical relationship can be represented as:
D-panthenol → D-pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) → coenzyme A-related metabolism → participation in cellular energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and other biochemical processes
This provides a biochemical basis for the involvement of panthenol in the recovery of damaged epidermis.
However, existing human topical studies have mainly demonstrated effects of panthenol on barrier function, wound repair, and gene expression. They have not directly established a complete quantitative relationship of “topical panthenol increases epidermal coenzyme A → increases synthesis of a specific barrier lipid → decreases TEWL.”
5.2 Human Studies Show That Panthenol Can Alter the Expression of Genes Related to Wound Repair
Heise et al. created standardized wounds in human skin and compared gene expression between areas treated with dexpanthenol and placebo.
The results showed that topical dexpanthenol altered the expression of multiple genes associated with inflammation, cell chemotaxis, and tissue repair, including IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL1, and CCL18.[10]
This indicates that, in already damaged skin, the effects of panthenol extend beyond humectancy within the stratum corneum and also involve post-injury cellular responses and tissue-repair processes.
5.3 Three-Dimensional Human Skin Models Support the Ability of Dexpanthenol-Containing Formulations to Promote Re-Epithelialization
A 2023 study used full-thickness three-dimensional human skin models in which standardized epidermal injuries were created by microneedling.
After microneedling, a dexpanthenol-containing ointment was applied. At 24 hours, wound closure had already been completed in the treated group, whereas microneedling-induced injuries were still visible in models that had not received the post-treatment. By 48 hours, wound closure was complete in both groups.[11]
This study supports the ability of dexpanthenol-containing formulations to promote re-epithelialization under experimental conditions.
Because the study used a complete ointment formulation, the observed effects cannot be attributed entirely to dexpanthenol as a single molecule. However, when considered together with human studies of wound-related gene expression, the findings indicate a relatively clear biological link between topical dexpanthenol and epidermal repair processes.[10,11]
6. How Does Panthenol Produce Soothing and Anti-Inflammatory Effects?
The improvement of irritant skin inflammation associated with panthenol is closely related to barrier recovery and post-injury cellular responses.
6.1 Barrier Damage Itself Can Continuously Amplify Inflammation
When the skin barrier is damaged, water loss increases and external irritants can more readily affect the viable epidermis. Irritated keratinocytes generate inflammatory and stress signals, while persistent inflammation can in turn interfere with normal epidermal differentiation and barrier recovery.
As panthenol promotes stratum corneum hydration and barrier recovery, the persistent exposure of the viable epidermis to irritating factors is reduced accordingly, thereby lowering part of the inflammatory burden driven by barrier dysfunction.
This mechanism is consistent with the results of human irritation studies. In a sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation model, a dexpanthenol-containing cream significantly reduced erythema and inflammatory manifestations while promoting barrier recovery.[6]
6.2 Panthenol Does Not Act on Inflammation by Universally Suppressing Inflammatory Mediators
Normal repair after skin injury itself includes an orderly inflammatory phase.
Inflammatory mediators and chemokines participate in injury recognition, cell recruitment, and subsequent tissue repair. Therefore, healthy wound healing does not require all inflammation-related signals to remain continuously suppressed.
Heise et al. found that after dexpanthenol treatment of damaged human skin, several inflammation- and repair-related genes, including IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL1, and CCL18, were upregulated rather than uniformly downregulated.[10]
The three-dimensional human skin microneedling study also found that a dexpanthenol-containing ointment accelerated epidermal wound closure but did not eliminate the initial inflammatory response induced by microneedling.[11]
These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory and soothing effects observed with panthenol are more appropriately understood as the combined result of two processes:
On the one hand, panthenol reduces persistent irritant inflammation caused by barrier dysfunction; on the other hand, it participates in the normal post-injury inflammation-repair process, allowing the skin to gradually return to homeostasis.
This also explains why panthenol can reduce erythema in irritation models while still allowing certain inflammatory and chemotactic signals to remain normally active during the wound-repair phase.
7. Is NF-κB Involved in the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Panthenol?
7.1 NF-κB Is Part of the Inflammatory Regulatory Network
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a family of transcriptional regulators that plays important roles in inflammation, immune responses, and cellular stress. Changes in NF-κB activity can in turn affect the expression of multiple inflammation-related genes.
For example, a study of nicotine-induced liver injury in rats found that dexpanthenol treatment was accompanied by changes in Akt/NF-κB signaling and inflammation-related markers such as IL-6 and IL-1β, while tissue inflammation and oxidative damage were reduced.[12]
This suggests that dexpanthenol may have the potential to modulate NF-κB-related inflammatory networks.
7.2 Effects Confirmed in Human Skin Cannot Simply Be Attributed to NF-κB Inhibition
The NF-κB study described above used an animal liver-injury model, and its tissue type, mode of injury, and treatment conditions differ substantially from routine topical application to human skin.
Existing human and human-skin studies have observed the following:
Findings from Human or Human-Skin Studies | Main Evidence |
Increased stratum corneum hydration | [4,5] |
Improved TEWL | [4-6] |
Accelerated barrier recovery after irritation | [6] |
Reduced irritant erythema and inflammatory manifestations | [6] |
Altered expression of wound-repair-related genes | [10] |
Dexpanthenol-containing formulations promote re-epithelialization in three-dimensional human skin models | [11] |
These findings indicate that panthenol can influence inflammatory responses and repair processes in the skin. However, current human skin studies have not demonstrated that its soothing effects are mediated primarily through direct inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Existing evidence has not yet continuously validated in human skin the complete mechanism whereby “topical panthenol reduces NF-κB activity, subsequently decreases the expression of specific inflammatory mediators, and ultimately improves erythema or irritation.”
Taken together, existing studies suggest a continuous mechanistic relationship among the moisturizing, barrier-repair, and soothing effects of panthenol: after entering the stratum corneum, panthenol contributes to water retention and affects the molecular state of certain stratum corneum proteins and lipids; as stratum corneum hydration and barrier function improve, water loss and persistent exposure to exogenous irritants are reduced. In damaged skin, dexpanthenol is also associated with epidermal repair and re-epithelialization processes. Inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB may participate in these effects, but current human topical studies are not sufficient to establish them as the primary mechanisms of action.
8. Representative Chemicals and Research Applications Related to Panthenol Penetration, Stratum Corneum Moisturization, and Barrier Repair
Table 1. Panthenol- and Vitamin B5-Related Compounds
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Pantothenic acid | 79-83-4 | D-Pantothenic acid | Analytical standard, ≥98% | For studies of panthenol conversion products and vitamin B5; used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pantothenic acid, chromatographic method development, metabolic sample analysis, and method validation | |
Pantothenate | 137-08-6 | Calcium D-pantothenate | ≥98% | For studies of vitamin B5 salt forms and pantothenic acid-related metabolism, as well as solubility, stability, and cellular metabolism experiments | |
Pantothenate | 867-81-2 | Sodium D-pantothenate | ≥99% | For studies of the physicochemical properties of pantothenate salts, vitamin B5-related metabolism, cell treatment, and comparative studies of the panthenol metabolic pathway | |
Panthenol—racemate | 16485-10-2 | DL-Panthenol | ≥99% | For studies of the physicochemical properties of panthenol, formulation systems, skin hydration, and penetration; also suitable for comparison with dexpanthenol to investigate the effects of stereoisomeric composition on experimental results | |
Panthenol—dexpanthenol | 81-13-0 | D-Panthenol | ≥98% | A key material for studies of panthenol mechanisms of action; used in skin models related to stratum corneum penetration, hydration, barrier function recovery, and repair of damaged epidermis | |
Panthenol—analytical standard | 81-13-0 | D-Panthenol | Analytical standard | For panthenol content determination, chromatographic method development, formulation quality studies, and quantitative analysis of panthenol in stratum corneum penetration studies and skin samples | |
Panthenol—cell research solution | 81-13-0 | D-Panthenol | 10 mM in DMSO | For cellular-level panthenol treatment, dose-response experiments, and studies of epidermal repair, inflammatory responses, and related cellular signaling |
Table 2. Compounds Related to Stratum Corneum Moisturization and Natural Moisturizing Factors
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Natural moisturizing factor-related compound | 28874-51-3 | Sodium L-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate | 50%, oily | For studies related to natural moisturizing factors; used to investigate stratum corneum hygroscopicity, water retention, hydration status, and moisturizing systems composed of this compound and panthenol | |
Humectant moisturizer | 56-81-5 | Glycerol | Molecular biology grade, ≥99% | A classic humectant used in moisturization research; suitable for studies of stratum corneum hydration and water retention, as well as comparative and combination studies with the moisturizing mechanisms of panthenol | |
Natural moisturizing factor-related compound | 57-13-6 | Urea | UltraBio™, molecular biology grade, ≥99.5% (T) | For studies of natural moisturizing factors, stratum corneum hydration, keratin-water interactions, and models related to dry stratum corneum | |
Natural moisturizing factor-related compound | 72-17-3 | DL-Sodium lactate solution | 73% in water | For studies of lactate-related natural moisturizing factors, stratum corneum hydration, water retention, and the hydration state of the skin barrier | |
Macromolecular water-retention-related compound | 9004-61-9 | Hyaluronic acid | Moligand™, from rooster comb | For studies of skin hydration, macromolecular water-retention systems, and the epidermal water environment; can be used to compare the hydration behavior of macromolecular water-retention systems with that of small-molecule panthenol |
Table 3. Compounds Related to Stratum Corneum Barrier Lipids and Skin Irritation Models
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Catalog No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Stratum corneum barrier lipid—cholesterol | 57-88-5 | Cholesterol | For cell culture, ≥99% (GC) | A major stratum corneum barrier lipid; used in ceramide–cholesterol–free fatty acid reconstituted systems and studies of lipid lamellar structures, membrane order, and permeability | |
Stratum corneum free fatty acid | 57-10-3 | Palmitic acid | Stearic acid ≤0.5% | A long-chain saturated free fatty acid model; used to study stratum corneum fatty acid composition, carbon-chain length, lipid organization, and reconstituted barrier membranes | |
Stratum corneum free fatty acid | 57-11-4 | Stearic acid | ≥98.5% (GC), Grade I | A long-chain saturated free fatty acid model; used to study intercellular lipid organization, lipid phase behavior, membrane structure, and skin barrier permeability | |
Stratum corneum free fatty acid | 112-85-6 | Behenic acid | ≥99% | A long-chain saturated free fatty acid model; used to compare the effects of different carbon-chain lengths on stratum corneum lipid packing, lamellar structures, and barrier membrane properties | |
Stratum corneum free fatty acid | 557-59-5 | Lignoceric acid | ≥99% (GC) | A long-chain saturated free fatty acid model; used to study long-chain fatty acid composition, ordered lipid organization, reconstituted stratum corneum systems, and permeability barrier function | |
Fatty acid related to barrier lipid metabolism | 60-33-3 | Linoleic acid | Moligand™, ≥99% (GC) | For studies of epidermal lipid metabolism, ω-O-acylceramide formation, barrier lipid composition, and the effects of fatty acid unsaturation | |
Sphingolipid—sphingoid base | 123-78-4 | D-erythro-Sphingosine | Moligand™, ≥99% | For studies of sphingolipid metabolism, ceramide synthesis and degradation, sphingosine backbone structure, and skin barrier lipid mechanisms | |
Ceramide model lipid | 2304-81-6 | N-Stearoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine | ≥99% | A C18 ceramide model; used to study ceramide molecular structure, lipid membrane organization, phase behavior, and reconstituted stratum corneum barriers | |
Sphingolipid-related compound | 554-62-1 | Glycolipid (D-ribo-phytosphingosine) | ≥98% | For studies of sphingoid structures, sphingolipid metabolism, ceramide-related metabolism, and stratum corneum barrier lipid composition | |
Ceramide barrier lipid | 178436-06-1 | Ceramide 3B | ≥95% | For studies of stratum corneum ceramides, intercellular lipid reconstitution, lamellar structures, lipid phase behavior, and the skin permeability barrier | |
Reagent for barrier damage and irritation models | 151-21-3 | Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) | Anhydrous grade, ACS, ≥99% | Used to establish surfactant-induced stratum corneum barrier damage and skin irritation models and to evaluate transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, erythema, and barrier recovery following panthenol treatment |
Note: The products listed above are representative Aladdin products relevant to scientific research. Their specific applications should be determined according to product specifications, batch-specific COAs, and the intended reaction or evaluation system. Additional information on product specifications, grades, and COAs can be searched on the Aladdin official website using the “product name/CAS/catalog number.”
References
[1] National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for Dexpanthenol, CID 131204. PubChem. Molecular formula C₉H₁₉NO₄; molecular weight 205.25 g/mol.
[2] Schreiner V, Gooris GS, Pfeiffer S, et al. Barrier characteristics of different human skin types investigated with X-ray diffraction, lipid analysis, and electron microscopy imaging. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2000;114(4):654-660. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00941.x.
[3] Cadavona JJP, Zhu H, Hui X, Jung EC, Maibach HI. Depth-dependent stratum corneum permeability in human skin in vitro. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2016;36(9):1207-1213. doi:10.1002/jat.3289. PMID: 26843137.
[4] Gehring W, Gloor M. Effect of topically applied dexpanthenol on epidermal barrier function and stratum corneum hydration. Results of a human in vivo study. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50(7):659-663. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1300268. PMID: 10965426.
[5] Camargo FB Jr, Gaspar LR, Maia Campos PMBG. Skin moisturizing effects of panthenol-based formulations. Journal of Cosmetic Science. 2011;62(4):361-370. PMID: 21982351.
[6] Proksch E, Nissen HP. Dexpanthenol enhances skin barrier repair and reduces inflammation after sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritation. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2002;13(4):173-178. doi:10.1080/09546630212345674. PMID: 19753737.
[7] Björklund S, Pham QD, Jensen LB, et al. The effects of polar excipients transcutol and dexpanthenol on molecular mobility, permeability, and electrical impedance of the skin barrier. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2016;479:207-220. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2016.06.054. PMID: 27388135.
[8] Porto Ferreira VT, Silva GC, Martin AA, Maia Campos PMBG. Topical dexpanthenol effects on physiological parameters of the stratum corneum by Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Skin Research and Technology. 2023;29(9):e13317. doi:10.1111/srt.13317. PMID: 37753694.
[9] Stettler H, Kurka P, Lunau N, et al. A new topical panthenol-containing emollient: Results from two randomized controlled studies assessing its skin moisturization and barrier restoration potential, and the effect on skin microflora. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2017;28(2):173-180. doi:10.1080/09546634.2016.1214235. PMID: 27425824.
[10] Heise R, Skazik C, Marquardt Y, et al. Dexpanthenol modulates gene expression in skin wound healing in vivo. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology. 2012;25(5):241-248. doi:10.1159/000341144. PMID: 22759998.
[11] Weßollek K, Marquardt Y, Wagner-Schiffler S, Baron JM, Huth S. Post-Treatment of Micro-Needling with a Dexpanthenol-Containing Ointment Accelerates Epidermal Wound Healing in Human 3D Skin Models. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2023;16:1533-1538. doi:10.2147/CCID.S409310. PMID: 37337567.
[12] Üremiş N, Aslan M, Taşlidere E, Gürel E. Dexpanthenol exhibits antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects against nicotine-induced liver damage by modulating Bax/Bcl-xL, Caspase-3/9, and Akt/NF-κB pathways. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2024;38(1):e23622. doi:10.1002/jbt.23622. PMID: 38229321.
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