Growth Hormone (GH) is an important peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. Through GHR–JAK2–STAT5 signaling and the GH–IGF-1 axis, it regulates linear growth, skeletal and muscle development, lipid mobilization, and glucose metabolism. GH research requires simultaneous consideration ...
Aging involves persistent dysregulation of nutrient sensing, energy metabolism, protein homeostasis, and chronic inflammation. IIS, mTOR, AMPK, NF-κB, and Sirtuins are interconnected through nodes including AKT, FOXO, ULK1, and NAD⁺ and jointly regulate cell growth, autophagy, stress adaptation, ...