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Non-small cell lung cancer exhibits substantial histological and molecular heterogeneity. Alterations involving EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS, BRAF, RET, MET, HER2, and other oncogenic drivers can continuously activate tumor-cell proliferation and survival signaling and generate molecular subtypes with ...
Tumor immune killing depends not only on whether immune cells are present, but also on the balance between inhibitory and activating signals. NKG2A restricts NK cell and CD8⁺ T cell function through HLA-E, whereas NKG2D recognizes tumor stress ligands and enhances immune killing. Together, these ...
The CD161-LLT1 axis connects NK cells, T cells, and the tumor microenvironment, and is one of the important pathways for evaluating tumor immune regulation and immune escape. Research on this axis should not remain limited to detecting CD161 or LLT1 expression levels alone. It should also ...
The BAFF pathway and the PD-1 pathway represent two typical directions in immune regulation by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The BAFF pathway mainly regulates B-cell survival, maturation, and autoantibody production, making it suitable for studies related to autoimmunity and abnormal ...
CTLA4 is a key negative regulatory molecule within the T-cell costimulatory network and participates in setting the threshold for initial activation, limiting clonal expansion, mediating Treg-dependent immunosuppression, and maintaining peripheral tolerance. Analysis of the CTLA4 pathway should ...
At the forefront of life sciences and biomedical research, immunopharmacological ligands, as key tools, are leading new breakthroughs and discoveries. Immune ligands are small molecules, antibodies, and cytokines that can precisely bind to important receptors, cytokines, and signaling pathways ...
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