Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a core member of a multifunctional cytokine family and exerts systemic influence in embryonic development, immune homeostasis, tissue repair, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. TGF-β initiates signaling ...
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex. Their release is regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and follows a pronounced circadian rhythm.