The GDF (growth differentiation factor) family is an important branch of the TGF-β superfamily. Its members are widely involved in embryonic development, osteochondral formation, skeletal muscle homeostasis, reproductive regulation, metabolic stress, tissue injury repair, and remodeling of the ...
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a core member of a multifunctional cytokine family and exerts systemic influence in embryonic development, immune homeostasis, tissue repair, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. TGF-β initiates signaling ...