The gut–brain axis connects the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and peripheral metabolic organs through autonomic nerves, enteroendocrine hormones, microbial metabolites, bile acids, and immune signals. Natural products can act on neural receptors, the gut microbiota, the ...
Neuropeptides constitute the central integrative layer of energy homeostasis regulation. The hypothalamus–brainstem network continuously receives signals from the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, pancreas, liver, and circulating nutrient substrates, and in turn reshapes feeding, ...
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