The gut–brain axis connects the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and peripheral metabolic organs through autonomic nerves, enteroendocrine hormones, microbial metabolites, bile acids, and immune signals. Natural products can act on neural receptors, the gut microbiota, the ...
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease caused by insufficient insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or a combination of both. Natural products possess diverse structural classes and multiple biological targets and can be used in studies of glucose-metabolism regulation, bioactive ...
The gut microbiota can use dietary components, host secretions, and intrinsic microbial metabolic pathways to generate diverse classes of small-molecule compounds. These metabolites regulate the intestinal epithelial barrier, energy metabolism, immune-cell differentiation, and signaling in ...
Glucuronidation is an important phase II metabolic pathway in the clearance of drugs and endogenous metabolites, but its biological consequences do not necessarily terminate once the host conjugation reaction is completed.