Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) constitute the core effector layer for establishing the cellular antiviral state. After viral RNA is recognized by pattern recognition receptors such as RIG-I and MDA5, type I/type III interferon production can be induced through MAVS, TBK1, IRF3/IRF7, and ...
The interferon (IFN) pathway is one of the central signaling systems in host antiviral defense, innate immune activation, and immune homeostasis. Its biological essence is not a single ligand triggering a single receptor, but a multilayered network composed of “pathogen sensing - IFN induction - ...
Intracellular DNA sensing is not always triggered directly by exogenous pathogens. In many noninfectious stress settings, its upstream origin is first a disruption of mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis.