The GDF (growth differentiation factor) family is an important branch of the TGF-β superfamily. Its members are widely involved in embryonic development, osteochondral formation, skeletal muscle homeostasis, reproductive regulation, metabolic stress, tissue injury repair, and remodeling of the ...
The BMP pathway is one of the most representative developmental and homeostatic regulatory pathways within the TGF-β superfamily. It participates in embryonic patterning, bone and cartilage formation, vascular and neural development, stem cell fate determination, and tissue repair.