The FGF (fibroblast growth factor) pathway is one of the most important growth factor signaling networks in multicellular organisms, spanning embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, metabolic regulation, injury repair, and tumor progression.
The BMP pathway is one of the most representative developmental and homeostatic regulatory pathways within the TGF-β superfamily. It participates in embryonic patterning, bone and cartilage formation, vascular and neural development, stem cell fate determination, and tissue repair.