Applications of Rosin and Modified Rosin Resins in Coatings and Inks: Structure–Property Relationships, Modification Pathways, and Usage Guidelines
Applications of Rosin and Modified Rosin Resins in Coatings and Inks: Structure–Property Relationships, Modification Pathways, and Usage Guidelines
1 Why Rosin Is an Important Natural Resin in Coatings
1.1 Basic Sources of Rosin
Rosin, commonly referred to in English as rosin or colophony, is a natural resin derived from resin resources of pine and other coniferous trees, with resin acids as its main components. Based on source and production route, industrial rosin is commonly classified into three types.
Type | Source | Characteristics |
Gum rosin | Obtained from resin tapped from living trees, followed by distillation to remove turpentine | Widely used; a typical natural source of rosin |
Wood rosin | Obtained by solvent extraction from resin-rich pine wood or stumps | Composition is influenced by raw material and extraction process |
Tall oil rosin | Obtained by separation and refining of tall oil, a byproduct of kraft pulping | Stable industrial source; commonly used for resin modification |
Rosin is not a single compound, but a complex mixture composed of various resin acids and a small amount of neutral components. Its main components are usually resin acids, including abietane-type and pimarane-type resin acids, such as abietic acid, levopimaric acid, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, pimaric acid, and isopimaric acid.
1.2 Main Value of Rosin in Coatings
The value of rosin in coatings and inks comes from its rigid cyclic structure, carboxyl groups, and unsaturated bonds. These structural features help rosin improve hardness, gloss, adhesion, and tackifying performance, while also giving it strong chemical modification capability.
Rosin Feature | Significance for Coatings |
Natural and renewable source | Can be used in the design of renewable coating raw materials |
Resin acid structure | Provides hardness, gloss, and a certain degree of binding ability |
Carboxyl group | Provides reactivity and interaction with substrates |
Unsaturated bond | Can be used for modification reactions, but may also cause oxidative yellowing |
Hydrophobic skeleton | Helps improve compatibility in oil-based systems; after acid value reduction or appropriate modification, it may improve water resistance in some systems |
Strong modifiability | Can be used to prepare rosin esters, hydrogenated rosin, disproportionated rosin, maleated rosin, and rosin-modified phenolic resins |
2 Core Structure–Property Relationships of Rosin
2.1 Resin Acid Structure: The Basis of Rosin Performance
The main components of rosin are resin acids. Resin acids are generally diterpenoid monocarboxylic acids, containing a hydrophobic cyclic skeleton and one carboxyl group in the molecule. Most rosin resin acids have relatively high rigidity and low molecular mobility.
Structural Component | Effect on Performance |
Diterpenoid cyclic skeleton | Improves hardness, gloss, and anti-blocking performance |
Carboxyl group | Improves adhesion and provides reaction sites for esterification and salt formation |
Unsaturated bond | Provides possibilities for addition, oxidation, polymerization, and other reactions |
Hydrophobic hydrocarbon structure | Improves compatibility with oil-based resins, ink vehicles, and some solvent-based systems |
These structural features allow rosin to be used either as an auxiliary resin in coatings or, through chemical modification, as a more stable resin component better suited for industrial applications.
2.2 Rigid Cyclic Structure, Hardness, and Gloss
Rosin resin acid molecules contain relatively rigid cyclic structures. This structure helps improve coating film surface hardness, anti-blocking performance, and gloss.
Performance | Formation Mechanism | Application Significance |
Increased hardness | Rigid cyclic structures restrict molecular chain movement | Beneficial for scratch resistance on the surface of varnishes, inks, and wood coatings |
Increased gloss | When the resin is compatible with the system, it can form a relatively smooth surface | Beneficial for high-gloss varnishes and printing inks |
Improved anti-blocking performance | After the softening point is increased, the surface is less likely to become tacky | Beneficial for packaging, printing, and wood surface applications |
However, rigid structures may also introduce risks. When rosin or modified rosin resins are used at excessively high levels, the coating film may show increased brittleness, reduced flexibility, or poorer low-temperature impact resistance. Therefore, when rosin is used to increase hardness, flexibility, adhesion, and impact resistance should also be tested.
2.3 Carboxyl Groups, Adhesion, Dispersion, and Reactivity
The carboxyl group in rosin resin acids is one of its important reactive groups. Carboxyl groups can enhance interactions between the resin and substrates, pigments, or other resins, and can also participate in esterification, salt formation, and other chemical modification reactions.
Role of Carboxyl Groups | Effect on Coatings |
Enhancing polar interactions | Helps improve adhesion and pigment wetting |
Participating in esterification reactions | Can be used to prepare rosin esters, reduce acid value, and improve stability |
Participating in salt formation | Can be used in the design of certain water-dispersible or emulsified systems |
Affecting acid value | Excessively high acid value may affect water resistance, stability on metal substrates, and formulation storage stability |
The reactivity provided by carboxyl groups is a key reason why rosin can be widely modified. However, in practical formulations, acid value should not be viewed only as an advantage. Excessively high acid value may lead to reduced water resistance, sensitivity to metal ions, abnormal pigment dispersion, or poorer storage stability.
2.4 Unsaturated Bonds, Modification, Oxidation, and Yellowing
The unsaturated bonds in rosin resin acids provide possibilities for various modification reactions, such as hydrogenation, disproportionation, polymerization, maleation, and fumaration. However, unsaturated structures can also readily participate in oxidation reactions, causing color deepening or yellowing of the coating film. The chemical activity of rosin has a dual effect: it is both the source of its modification value and one reason for the insufficient stability of unmodified rosin.
Effect Associated with Unsaturated Bonds | Impact | Potential Risk |
Hydrogenation | Improves color and oxidative stability | Higher reaction cost |
Disproportionation | Improves thermal-oxidative stability and reduces the effect of active double bonds | Product performance depends on reaction control |
Maleation / fumaration | Introduces more carboxyl groups and increases reactivity and polarity | Acid value increases; water resistance needs to be verified |
Polymerization | Increases softening point and cohesive strength | Solubility and application properties may deteriorate |
Oxidation / auto-oxidation | Usually not used as a target modification route; may lead to increased molecular weight, crosslinking, or thickening | Color deepening, yellowing, embrittlement, and reduced storage stability |
3 Why Unmodified Rosin Usually Requires Modification
3.1 Main Limitations of Directly Using Unmodified Rosin in Coatings
Unmodified rosin can be used in certain traditional varnishes, inks, or tackifying systems, but it is generally not recommended for direct use at high levels in modern coatings. The main reason is that unmodified rosin has limitations in color, oxidative stability, brittleness, acid value, and softening point.
Limiting Factor | Possible Problem |
Darker color | Affects the appearance of light-colored coatings and transparent varnishes |
Easy oxidation | Causes color deepening, yellowing, and embrittlement during long-term storage or use |
Relatively high acid value | Affects water resistance, compatibility with metal substrates, and formulation stability |
Limited softening point | Insufficient anti-blocking performance, heat resistance, and high-temperature storage stability |
Relatively high brittleness | Reduces coating film flexibility and impact resistance |
Composition fluctuation | Different sources and batches lead to unstable performance |
When rosin is directly used in coatings, it often provides only partial hardening, tackifying, or gloss-enhancing effects. If more stable heat resistance, oxidation resistance, compatibility, and application properties are required, the structure usually needs to be adjusted through chemical modification.
3.2 Main Purposes of Modification
The purpose of rosin modification is to improve its stability in industrial applications. Modified rosin resins are generally more suitable than unmodified rosin for use in coatings, inks, and adhesives. In coating formulations, the material used is often not unmodified rosin itself, but rosin derivatives or rosin-modified resins.
Modification Objective | Significance for Coating Performance |
Reducing acid value | Improves water resistance, compatibility with metal substrates, and storage stability |
Increasing softening point | Improves hardness, anti-blocking performance, and heat resistance |
Improving color | Suitable for light-colored coatings, varnishes, and inks with high appearance requirements |
Improving oxidative stability | Reduces yellowing, embrittlement, and color deepening |
Improving compatibility | Allows better blending with alkyd resins, phenolic resins, acrylic resins, rubbers, and ink vehicles |
Enhancing reactivity | Used to prepare reactive resins, crosslinking systems, or water-based systems |
Adjusting solubility | Adapts the resin to different solvent systems, ink systems, or dispersion systems |
4 Common Modified Rosin Resins and Their Functions
4.1 Rosin Esters
Rosin esters are prepared by esterification between resin acids in rosin and alcohols. Commonly used alcohols include glycerol, pentaerythritol, and ethylene glycol. Esterification can reduce carboxyl group content and improve acid value, water resistance, compatibility, and thermal stability.
Type | Main Characteristics | Significance for Coatings |
Glycerol rosin ester | Moderate softening point and compatibility | Can be used in inks, varnishes, and tackifying systems |
Pentaerythritol rosin ester | Higher softening point and better cohesive strength | Helps improve hardness, anti-blocking performance, and gloss |
Modified rosin ester | Can further improve color, stability, or compatibility | Meets the needs of different coatings and inks |
Rosin esters are among the important derivatives of rosin. Compared with unmodified rosin, rosin esters usually have lower acid value, better water resistance, and better compatibility with organic resins, making them more suitable as auxiliary resins or components of ink vehicles.
4.2 Hydrogenated Rosin
Hydrogenated rosin is prepared by reducing the degree of unsaturation in resin acids through hydrogenation, thereby improving oxidative stability and color stability. Hydrogenated rosin is suitable for systems with high requirements for color, odor, and stability. However, formulation verification is still needed based on acid value, softening point, solubility, and compatibility.
Modification Effect | Significance for Applications |
Reduces the influence of unsaturated structures | Reduces oxidative yellowing and color deepening |
Improves thermal-oxidative stability | Improves storage and use stability |
Improves suitability for light-colored systems | Beneficial for light-colored coatings, varnishes, and transparent systems |
Retains the resin acid skeleton | Can still undergo esterification or other modifications |
4.3 Disproportionated Rosin
Disproportionated rosin is a modified product obtained through hydrogen transfer reactions under catalytic conditions. Its main purpose is to improve thermal-oxidative stability and reduce the instability caused by active double bonds. Disproportionated rosin is commonly used in coatings, adhesives, rubber, and emulsion-related systems that require higher stability. When used in coatings, attention should be paid to color, acid value, compatibility, and water resistance.
Characteristic | Application Significance |
Improved oxidative stability | Reduces yellowing and storage deterioration |
Changed resin acid composition | Improves stability in certain systems |
Can be further esterified or converted into salts | Used in the design of different resin and emulsion systems |
4.4 Maleated Rosin and Fumarated Rosin
Maleated rosin and fumarated rosin are usually obtained through addition reactions between rosin resin acids and maleic anhydride or fumaric acid. This type of modification increases acid functionality and reactivity.
Characteristic | Significance for Coatings |
Increased functionality | Can be further esterified, converted into salts, or participate in resin synthesis |
Enhanced polarity | Helps improve pigment wetting, adhesion, and the possibility of water dispersion |
Increased reactivity | Suitable for preparing more complex modified resins |
Increased acid value | Water resistance and storage stability need to be verified |
Maleated rosin and fumarated rosin are suitable for systems that require higher reactivity, polarity, or water-dispersibility. However, increased acid value may lead to water sensitivity, so their reactivity should not be considered alone; water resistance and formulation stability should also be evaluated.
4.5 Rosin-Modified Phenolic Resins
Rosin-modified phenolic resins are important resins commonly used in inks and some coatings. They are typically prepared from rosin, phenolic condensates, and polyols, and can combine the resin acid structure of rosin with the cohesive strength of phenolic resins. Rosin-modified phenolic resins can be used to prepare printing inks with a good balance of flow, emulsification resistance, drying properties, and gloss.
Performance Aspect | Specific Effect |
Gloss | Beneficial for surface brightness of printed products |
Drying properties | Affects ink film formation and drying speed |
Flowability | Affects ink transfer, application, and printability |
Emulsification resistance | Particularly important for offset printing inks |
Cohesive strength | Affects abrasion resistance, anti-blocking performance, and printing stability |
5 Applications of Rosin and Modified Rosin Resins in Coatings and Inks
5.1 Varnishes and Wood Coatings
Rosin and its modified resins can be used in certain varnishes and wood coatings, mainly to improve hardness, gloss, adhesion, and sandability.
Application Purpose | Role of Rosin Resin |
Increasing surface hardness | Improves scratch resistance and sandability |
Increasing gloss | Improves the appearance of transparent coatings |
Improving adhesion | Enhances bonding between the coating film and wood or the underlying coating |
Adjusting drying | Improves surface drying and through-drying after application |
Improving auxiliary sealing performance | Provides auxiliary sealing effects on some wood substrates |
5.2 Printing Inks
Printing inks are an important application field for rosin-modified resins. Rosin esters, rosin-modified phenolic resins, and other chemically modified rosin resins can serve as important components of ink vehicles. Relevant reviews indicate that modified rosin resins can be used as binders in water-based inks and can improve adhesion, weather resistance, tensile strength, printability, and gloss through esterification, Diels–Alder reactions, and other approaches.
Ink Performance | Influence of Modified Rosin Resins |
Gloss | Improves surface brightness of printed products |
Adhesion | Improves bonding of the ink to paper, films, or other substrates |
Flowability | Affects transfer, spreading, and printability |
Drying properties | Affects film formation speed after printing |
Emulsification resistance | Has a significant effect on offset printing ink performance |
Abrasion resistance | Improves the cohesive strength of the printed film layer |
5.3 Rosin Derivatives in Reactive Coating Resins
Rosin derivatives can not only serve as auxiliary resins to improve hardness, gloss, and adhesion, but can also be chemically modified and introduced as reactive raw materials into epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, and water-based resin systems. Their application value mainly comes from three structural features:
① Rigid resin acid skeleton: helps improve coating film hardness, anti-blocking performance, and cohesive strength;
② Carboxyl groups and modifiable sites: can undergo esterification, salt formation, addition, grafting, and other reactions;
③ New functional groups introduced after modification: such as hydroxyl groups, epoxy groups, anhydride structures, and acrylate groups, which can further participate in resin synthesis or curing reactions.
Application Direction | Relationship Between Rosin Derivatives and the System | Main Function | Issues Requiring Attention |
Epoxy systems | Rosin acid, hydrogenated rosin, maleated rosin, or rosin-based anhydride derivatives can be used as epoxy modifiers, curing agent raw materials, or structural units | Introduces a rigid resin acid skeleton, helping improve hardness, adhesion, hydrophobicity, and partial water resistance | Acid value, curing activity, compatibility, color, and brittleness |
Polyurethane systems | Rosin must first be converted into hydroxyl-containing derivatives, such as rosin-based polyols or hydroxylated rosin esters, before reacting with isocyanates | Improves coating film hardness, water resistance, adhesion, and bio-based content | Hydroxyl value, functionality, viscosity, flexibility, and yellowing resistance |
Acrylic systems | Rosin can be incorporated into acrylic resins through maleation, esterification, grafting, or preparation of rosin-based acrylate monomers | Adjusts hardness, gloss, adhesion, hydrophobicity, and film-forming properties | Copolymerization activity, compatibility, transparency, and storage stability |
Water-based resins | Rosin derivatives can be introduced into water-based systems through salt formation, emulsification, grafting, or introduction of hydrophilic groups | Improves pigment wetting, adhesion, film formation, and partial water resistance | Acid value, particle size, emulsion stability, water resistance, and gloss |
6 Selection of Rosin Resins and Control of Use-Related Risks
6.1 Raw Material Indicators
The performance of rosin and modified rosin resins is significantly affected by raw material indicators. The following items should be given priority during selection.
Indicator | Impact |
Acid value | Affects reactivity, water resistance, pigment dispersion, and compatibility with metal substrates |
Softening point | Affects hardness, anti-blocking performance, heat resistance, and application properties |
Color | Affects the appearance of varnishes, light-colored coatings, and inks |
Hydroxyl value | Important for polyurethane, alkyd, and other reactive systems |
Viscosity | Affects application, leveling, ink transfer, and processing stability |
Solubility | Determines applicable solvents and formulation systems |
Ash and impurities | Affect transparency, filterability, and coating film appearance |
Batch-to-batch consistency | Affects continuous production and formulation reproducibility |
Among these, acid value, softening point, color, and solubility are common basic control indicators for rosin resins used in coatings and inks.
6.2 Formulation Compatibility
Adding rosin resin to a formulation does not automatically improve performance. Its suitability first depends on its compatibility with the main resin, solvent, pigments and fillers, and additives. When the compatibility of rosin resin is insufficient, common signs include reduced transparency, haze in the coating film, reduced gloss, particle precipitation, or sedimentation after storage.
Compatibility Item | Observation Focus |
Compatibility with the main resin | Whether turbidity, phase separation, precipitation, or gloss reduction occurs |
Compatibility with solvents | Whether it dissolves completely and whether precipitation occurs at low temperature |
Compatibility with pigments | Whether pigment wetting and dispersion stability are improved or impaired |
Compatibility with additives | Whether leveling, defoaming, wetting, and drying are affected |
Storage stability | Whether thickening, crystallization, sedimentation, or color deepening occurs |
6.3 Verification of Coating Film Performance
When rosin resin is used in coatings, its performance should ultimately be confirmed through coating film testing rather than judged only by raw material indicators.
Test Item | Evaluation Purpose |
Hardness | Determines the hardening effect and anti-blocking capability |
Gloss | Evaluates surface appearance and resin compatibility |
Adhesion | Evaluates compatibility with the substrate and intercoat bonding |
Flexibility | Determines whether the film becomes brittle due to increased hardness |
Water resistance | Determines whether whitening, blistering, or adhesion loss occurs |
Alcohol resistance | Evaluates suitability for furniture, packaging, or daily contact scenarios |
Yellowing resistance | Evaluates appearance stability under heat, light, and oxygen |
Storage stability | Determines whether the formulation shows precipitation, thickening, or discoloration |
6.4 Common Risks and Control Methods
The use-related risks of rosin resins mainly involve color, yellowing, brittleness, acid value, compatibility, and storage stability. The key to risk control is to select the appropriate modification type according to the target system and determine the addition level through small-scale trials.
Risk Manifestation | Possible Cause | Control Method |
Dark color | Unmodified rosin has a darker color or insufficient refining | Select light-colored grades, hydrogenated rosin, or highly stable modified products |
Yellowing | Oxidation of unsaturated structures under heat, light, and oxygen | Select hydrogenated or disproportionated products and evaluate yellowing resistance |
Embrittlement | High proportion of rigid structures or excessive addition level | Reduce addition level, blend with flexible resins, and test bending and impact performance |
Tack-back | Low softening point or insufficient drying | Select products with higher softening point and optimize solvent and drying conditions |
Reduced water resistance | High acid value or insufficient system compatibility | Select low-acid-value rosin esters and verify water resistance and storage stability |
Turbidity or precipitation | Insufficient compatibility with the main resin or solvent | Conduct compatibility tests under room-temperature, low-temperature, and hot-storage conditions |
Viscosity increase | Oxidation, reactions, or enhanced interactions between resins | Track storage viscosity and control raw material stability and addition level |
Gloss reduction | Microphase separation or uneven coating film surface | Optimize compatibility and adjust the resin ratio and solvent system |
7 Summary
The value of rosin and modified rosin resins in coatings and inks comes from their resin acid structure. The rigid cyclic skeleton helps improve hardness, gloss, and anti-blocking performance; carboxyl groups provide adhesion, dispersion, and esterification capability; unsaturated bonds provide modification possibilities while also bringing the risk of oxidative yellowing; the hydrophobic structure helps improve compatibility in oil-based systems; after acid value reduction, esterification, or other appropriate modification, it may improve water resistance in some systems.
When unmodified rosin is used directly, it is easily limited by color, oxidative stability, acid value, softening point, and brittleness. Therefore, in modern coatings and inks, modified products such as rosin esters, hydrogenated rosin, disproportionated rosin, maleated rosin, fumarated rosin, and rosin-modified phenolic resins are more commonly used.
Selection of rosin resins should follow three judgments:
① First, determine the target function.
Is the goal to improve hardness, gloss, adhesion, and anti-blocking performance, or to use the material as a reactive resin raw material?
② Then, determine the modification type.
When acid value reduction is required, rosin esters may be considered; when oxidative stability needs to be improved, hydrogenated or disproportionated rosin may be considered; when reactivity needs to be increased, maleated or fumarated products may be considered; when comprehensive ink performance is required, rosin-modified phenolic resins may be considered.
③ Finally, determine application value through formulation verification.
Whether a rosin resin is suitable depends on acid value, softening point, color, solubility, compatibility, storage stability, as well as coating film hardness, gloss, adhesion, flexibility, water resistance, and yellowing resistance.
8. Representative Chemical Products Related to Rosin and Modified Rosin Resins
Table 1 Basic Rosin Resins and Resin Acid Standards
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Basic rosin resin | 8050-09-7 | Rosin | natural resin | Used for studies on rosin resin composition, coating hardening and gloss enhancement, adhesion improvement, ink vehicles, and preparation of rosin-modified resins | |
Resin acid standard | 514-10-3 | Abietic acid | Moligand™, ≥75% | Used for composition analysis of rosin resin acids, esterification modification, oxidative stability studies, and structural reference of rosin derivatives | |
Resin acid standard | 1740-19-8 | Dehydroabietic acid (DAA) | Moligand™, ≥98% | Used for studies on rosin aging, oxidative stability, resin acid structural analysis, and rosin derivative reference standards | |
Resin acid standard | 1945-53-5 | Palustric acid | ≥95% | Used for identification of rosin resin acid composition, isomer analysis, thermal stability studies, and reference in rosin modification reactions | |
Resin acid standard | 127-27-5 | Pimaric acid (PiMA) | ≥85% | Used for research on pimarane-type resin acids, rosin composition analysis, resin acid isomer reference, and structural analysis of rosin for coating applications |
Table 2 Raw Materials Related to Rosin Esterification and Acid Modification
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Rosin ester product | 65997-13-9 | Glycerol ester of hydrogenated rosin | Softening point 78.0–90.0 °C, acid value ≤9 | Used for light-colored rosin ester systems, coating tackification and gloss enhancement, ink vehicles, adhesives, and application studies of low-acid-value rosin derivatives | |
Esterification polyol | 56-81-5 | G358402 | Glycerol | ≥99% | Used for preparing glycerol rosin ester, synthesizing low-acid-value rosin esters, esterification reactions of coating resins, and research on tackifying resins |
Esterification polyol | 115-77-5 | P103696 | Pentaerythritol (regulated explosive precursor) | AR, ≥98% | Used for preparing high-softening-point rosin esters, anti-blocking resins, ink vehicles, and rosin ester modification for coating applications |
Esterification polyol | 77-99-6 | Trimethylolpropane (TMP) | ≥98% | Used for multifunctional rosin esters, alkyd resin modification, adjustment of coating film hardness, and research on reactive rosin derivatives | |
Esterification diol | 111-46-6 | Diethylene glycol (DEG) | ≥99% (GC) | Used for flexible rosin esters, coating plasticization and toughening, adhesive resins, and synthesis studies of low-softening-point rosin esters | |
Esterification diol | 112-27-6 | Triethylene glycol | UltraBio™, anhydrous grade, ≥99% (GC) | Used for rosin esterification reactions, flexible resin structure design, and modification studies of adhesive and coating resins | |
Acid modification raw material | 108-31-6 | Maleic anhydride | AR, ≥99% (GC) | Used for preparing maleated rosin, increasing rosin reactivity, introducing anhydride structures, and research on water-based rosin resins | |
Acid modification raw material | 110-17-8 | Fumaric acid | ≥99.5% | Used for preparing fumarated rosin, adjusting rosin polarity, and modification studies of reactive rosin resins and water-based resins |
Table 3 Raw Materials for Phenolic Modification and Reaction Assistance
Category | CAS No. | Aladdin Cat. No. | Name | Specification or Purity | Product Features and Applications |
Phenolic modification raw material | 108-95-2 | Phenol | ≥99% | Used for rosin-modified phenolic resins, ink vehicles, varnish resins, and studies on gloss and drying performance | |
Phenolic modification raw material | 50-00-0 | Formaldehyde solution | AR, contains 10–15% methanol stabilizer | Used for condensation reactions of rosin-modified phenolic resins, preparation of ink resins, and research on reaction conditions | |
Esterification / analytical solvent | 67-56-1 | Methanol | AR, ≥99.5% | Used for preparing methyl rosinates, esterification reactions of resin acids, sample dissolution, analytical testing, and cleaning of reaction systems |
Note: The above are representative Aladdin products. For more product specifications, please search by “product name / CAS / catalog number” on the Aladdin official website.
References
[1] Liu P., Liu X., Saburi T., Kubota S., Huang P., Wada Y. Thermal Stability Evaluation of Resin Acids and Rosin Modified Resins. ACS Omega, 2020, 5, 29102–29109.
[2] Kugler S., Ossowicz P., Malarczyk-Matusiak K., Wierzbicka E. Advances in Rosin-Based Chemicals: The Latest Recipes, Applications and Future Trends. Molecules, 2019, 24, 1651.
[3] Chen G. F. Developments in the Field of Rosin Chemistry and Its Implications in Coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings, 1992.
[4] Zhang Z., Wang Q., Zhang Z., Li M., He Y., Shan S. Advances in the preparation of water-based inks based on chemical modification of rosin. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 2025, 22, 511–525. Online published 20 November 2024.
[5] Google Patents. Rosin-Modified Phenolic Resin, Process for Production Thereof, Varnish for Printing Ink, and Printing Ink. US20130065990A1.
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