Decoding temperature-driven microbial community changes and flavor regulation mechanism during winter fermentation of soy sauce

The flavor regulation of soy sauce fermented in winter is imminent challenge for the industry, while fermentation temperature is considered as an effective method to fortify soy sauce flavor. Thus, industrial-level fermentation systems with controlled temperature at 30°C (SSCT) and regular temperature (SSRT) in winter were designed to elucidate molecular basis and microbial regulatory mechanism of temperature-controlled flavor enhancement of soy sauce. Sensory evaluation suggested 30°C fermentation enhanced caramel-like, floral, fruity, roasted nut and smoky aroma. A total of 160 volatiles were identified, of which 39 components were evaluated for odor activity value (OAV). Eleven volatiles were determined as the odor markers distinguishing the aroma profiles of SSRT and SSCT, among which 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF, caramel-like), β-damascenone (floral), ethyl 2-methylpropanoate (fruity), ethyl acetate (fruity) and 2/3-methyl-1-butanol (malty, alcoholic) were largely responsible for the flavor enhancement. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing results demonstrated the temperature intervention induced more differential bacterial structure (R = 0.324, P = 0.001) than fungal structure (R = 0.069, P = 0.058). Correlation analysis revealed dominant and low-abundance genus together drove the formation and variation of volatile profile, particularly Weissella , Tetragenococcus , Starmerella and Pediococcus . Representatively, the formation pathways of key aroma substances HDMF and 5-ethyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HEMF) were elaborated. Both temperature-mediated abiotic reactions and gene functions of microbiota were proposed to favor the yields of HDMF and C 5 precursor of HEMF, whereas the small populations of Zygosaccharomyces and insufficient acetaldehyde limited the elevation of the HEMF level through the biosynthesis pathway. This study provided the practical and theoretical basis for the industrial applications of temperature control in soy sauce fermentation.