Fluorescent starch-based hydrogel with cellulose nanofibrils and carbon dots for simultaneous adsorption and detection of Pb(II)

The adsorption removal of lead (Pb) ions has become a crucial area of research due to the potential health hazards associated with Pb contamination. Developing cost-effective adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II) ions is significantly important. Hence, a novel fluorescent starch-based hydrogel (FSH) using starch (ST), cellulose nanofibrils (CN), and carbon dots (CD) was fabricated for simultaneous adsorption and detection of Pb(II). A comprehensive characterization of FSH, including its morphological features, chemical composition , and fluorescence characteristics, was conducted. Notably, FSH exhibited a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 265.9 mg/g, which was 13.0 times higher than that of pure ST. Moreover, FSH was employed as a fluorescent sensor for Pb(II) determination, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 μg/L. An analysis was further performed to investigate the adsorption and detection mechanisms of Pb(II) utilizing FSH. This study provides valuable insights into the production of a novel cost-effective ST-based adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions.