Shape memory polymer with programmable recovery onset

Stimulus-responsive shape-shifting polymers 1 , 2 , 3 have shown unique promise in emerging applications, including soft robotics 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , medical devices 8 , aerospace structures 9 and flexible electronics 10 . Their externally triggered shape-shifting behaviour offers on-demand controllability essential for many device applications. Ironically, accessing external triggers (for example, heating or light) under realistic scenarios has become the greatest bottleneck in demanding applications such as implantable medical devices 8 . Certain shape-shifting polymers rely on naturally present stimuli (for example, human body temperature for implantable devices) 8 as triggers. Although they forgo the need for external stimulation, the ability to control recovery onset is also lost. Naturally triggered, yet actively controllable, shape-shifting behaviour is highly desirable but these two attributes are conflicting. Here we achieved this goal with a four-dimensional printable shape memory hydrogel that operates via phase separation, with its shape-shifting kinetics dominated by internal mass diffusion rather than by heat transport used for common shape memory polymers 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 . This hydrogel can undergo shape transformation at natural ambient temperature, critically with a recovery onset delay. This delay is programmable by altering the degree of phase separation during device programming, which offers a unique mechanism for shape-shifting control. Our naturally triggered shape memory polymer with a tunable recovery onset markedly lowers the barrier for device implementation.