An integrated electrochemical immunosensor based on Pd–Ir cubic nanozyme and Ketjen black for ultrasensitive detection of circulating tumor cells

Ultrasensitive detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) holds significant clinical importance in monitoring metastasis and therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we have developed a novel electrochemical sensing model based on nanomaterials for highly sensitive and specific determination of CTCs. A gold electrode co-modified with Ketjin black (KB) and Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibits exceptional conductivity. By conjugating palladium-iridium cubic nanozyme (Pd–Ir CNE) with antibodies, we have created a detection probe capable of catalyzing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), thereby amplifying the output signal and resulting in significantly enhanced current on the electrode for detecting CTCs. The constructed immunosensor has achieved a detection limit of 2 cell mL −1 for model MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the as-constructed electrochemical immunosensor can accurately detect whole blood-spiked target CTCs, showing great promise for clinical applications in early cancer diagnosis and prognosis.