Antibacterial Activity and Transcriptomic Analysis of Hesperetin against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Vegetative Cells

The aim of this research was to investigate the antimicrobial characteristics and mechanism of hesperetin againstAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestrisvegetative cells. The results presented show that hesperetin had effective antimicrobial activity onAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestrisvegetative cells, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 0.0625 g/L, and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) greater than 2 g/L. Moreover, treatment of hesperetin caused significant damage to cell integrity, preventing the growth ofAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestrisvegetative cells, enhancing the leakage of nucleic acid and proteins, and destroying the vegetative cell morphology. To further investigate the mechanism, transcriptomic analysis was carried out, and 3056 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that hesperetin inhibitsAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestrisby affecting the intracellular nitrogen metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis explained that hesperetin was also able to prevent the growth ofAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestrisby affecting the processes of nutrient transport, energy metabolism, and flagella motility. These results provide new insights into the antimicrobial effects and mechanism of hesperetin againstAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, which provides a new method for inactiveAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestrisin the juice industry.Keywords:Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris;hesperetin;antibacterial activity;antibacterial mechanism;transcriptomic analysis