Bell pepper derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a pH-modulated fluorescence switching sensor with high sensitivity for visual sensing of 4-nitrophenol

Recently, converting bio-waste into bio-asset and implementing a portable sensing instrument for pollutant monitoring has been highly desirable and challenging. Herein, biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots (CDs) are prepared hydrothermally and emit blue fluorescence (470 nm) with a high quantum yield of 23.2%. Significantly, CDs can serve as a pH-modulated fluorescence switching nano-sensor to detect 4-NP from 0.054 to 68 μM with low detection limit (LOD, 54 nM) and limit of quantification (LOQ, 181 nM) based on inner filter effect. Moreover, the satisfactory recovery of 101.8–107.5% is gained in practical sample monitoring. Furthermore, a smartphone-integrated optosensing device with CDs-based film is developed for detecting 4-NP with LOD and LOQ of 0.110 μM and 0.350 μM. Concomitantly, the practicability of this device is further validated in several crop samples with satisfactory recovery rates of 101.6–108.6%. Therefore, this work provides a reliable way and a prospective application for on-site 4-NP monitoring in food.