Novel PVAMA/GelMA aerogels prepared by liquid-phase collection of photoinitiated polymerisation: injectable and flowable low-density 3D scaffolds for bone regeneration

Nanofibrous scaffolds, which are morphologically/structurally similar to native extracellular matrix, are ideal biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the use of traditional electrospinning techniques to produce three-dimensional (3D) nanofibrous scaffolds with desired structural properties presents difficulty. To address this challenge, we prepared a novel liquid–phase-collected photoinitiated polymerised aerogel 3D scaffold (LPPI-AG) using the thermally induced (nanofiber) self-aggregation method after liquid-phase electrospinning of the hydroxyapatite-doped methacrylated polyvinyl alcohol/methacrylated gelatine solution obtained by photoinitiated polymerisation. The fabricated aerogel scaffolds had a high porosity of approximately 99.01% ± 0.40% and an interconnected network structure with pore sizes ranging from submicron to ∼300 μm. The new aerogel rapidly became flowable when exposed to a solution, and it can fill gaps and repair gap edges effectively and be loaded with nutrients and growth factors that promote bone growth for bone tissue engineering. LPPI-AG scaffolds can considerably promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that the LPPI-AG scaffold significantly promoted bone formation in a mouse model of critical-size calvarial defects.